BIBLIOGRAPHY OF USEFUL READINGS IN BUSINESS ETHICS

I prepared this list in 1989. It is still of some use, but is badly in need of updating.. The primary value is now perhaps only the sectioning of the discipline. I am now working on an updating and would welcome any suggestions. Please click here to send me email.


Useful Philosophical Journals:

Ethics

Journal Of Business Ethics

Philosophy And Public Affairs

Social Theory And Practice

Business And Professional Ethics Journal

Professional Ethics

Useful Collections of Readings:

M. Anshen, editor, MANAGING THE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE CORPORATION, Macmillan, 1974.

Beauchamp, Tom L., and Bowie, Norman E., editors, ETHICAL THEORY AND BUSINESS, Englewood-Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1979, 1983, 1988.

David Braybrooke, ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS, Rowman and Allanhead, 1983.

Richard T. DeGeorge and Joseph A. Pichler, editors, ETHICS, FREE ENTERPRISE, AND PUBLIC POLICY: ORIGINAL ESSAYS ON MORAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS, Oxford University Press, 1978.

Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall, editors, CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, Wadsworth, 1985.

Thomas Donaldson and Patricia H. Werhane, editors, ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS: A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH, Prentice-Hall. 1979, 1983, 1988.

W. Michael Hoffman and Jennifer Mills Moore, editors, BUSINESS ETHICS: READINGS AND CASES IN CORPORATE MORALITY, McGraw-Hill, 1984.

Deborah Poff and Wilfred Waluchow, editors, BUSINESS ETHICS IN CANADA, Prentice-Hall, 1987, second edition 1991.

Manuel G. Velasquez, editor, BUSINESS ETHICS: CONCEPTS AND CASES, Prentice-Hall, 1982, 1988.

The following lists are really rather long. You can get some guidance about where to start by looking to see which of the papers are reprinted in the above collections - that a paper IS reprinted in one or other of the collections is SOME sort of an accolade for the paper (though one should not infer TOO much into such an inclusion!).



I. NARROWER AND WIDER CONCEPTIONS OF CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY:

A narrow conception of corporate responsibility is one which assigns to corporate employees only the classic duties of loyalty, fidelity, confidentiality and performance, to management the duty to maximize profits for the owners (terms of art, of course) and to owners (whether sharedholders or proprietors) either the duty to maximize profits (see, e.g., Friedman) or the right to do with what they own whatever they wish.

Melvin Anshen, "Changing the social contract: a role for business", COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF WORLD BUSINESS, v, no. 6, Nov-Dec 1970. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Norman Bowie, "Changing the rules", in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Keith Davis, "An expanded view of the social responsibility of business", BUSINESS HORIZONS, vol. xviii, no. 3, June 1975. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Richard DeGeorge, BUSINESS ETHICS, Macmillan, 1982, chapter 7, "American Capitalism: Moral or Immoral?".

Thomas Donaldson, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY, Prentice-Hall, 1982, pp. 36-54. Reprinted in Hoffman and Moore

Anthony Flew, "The profit motive", ETHICS, 86, 1976.

Milton Friedman, CAPITALISM AND FREEDOM, University of Chicago Press, pp. 133-136, reprinted as "The social responsibility of business", in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Milton Friedman, "The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits", THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE, Sept. 13, 1970. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie and in DeJardins and McCall.

Alan Goldman, "Business Ethics: Profits, Utilities and Moral Rights", PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, vol.9 1980.

Kenneth E. Goodpaster and John B. Matthews, Jr., "Can a corporations have a conscience?", HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, January-February, 1982, reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 2nd ed., and in

John P. Kavanagh, "Ethical Issues in Plant Relocation", in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Theodore Levitt, "The dangers of social responsibility", HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, September-October, 1958, reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

George Cabot Lodge, "The connection between ethics and ideology", PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by W. Michael Hoffman, The Centre for Business Ethics, 1977. Selection reprinted in Hoffman and Mills.

John J. McCall, "An analysis of the free-market view of responsibility", in Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall, 1985.

Alex C. Michalos, "Moral responsibility in business: or fourteen unsuccessful ways to pass the buck", in Poff and Waluchow.

John Patten, "The business of ethics and the ethics of business", JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, vol. 3, 1984.

John G. Simon, Charles W. Powers, Jon P. Gunneman, THE ETHICAL INVESTOR: UNIVERSITIES AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY, Yale University Press, 1972. Selection reprinted as "The responsibilities of corporations and their owners", in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Christopher D. Stone, WHERE THE LAW ENDS, Harper and Row, pp. 80-87. Reprinted in Hoffman and Moore.

See also the discussions of cost-benefit analysis under II and the selections in Poff and Waluchow, section 11, and also their bibliography. It should also be obvious that discussions of how businesses ought to make decisions of specific kinds (e.g. discussions of decision making in relation to the environment, in relation to affirmative action, etc.) may indeed not only serve as much needed detailed discussions of examples, but also contain general and theoretically relevant discussions.




II. GOVERNMENT REGULATION, SELF REGULATION OR NO REGULATION:

Readings here cover not only the issues of how society may or should structure the setting in which business makes it decisions, but also discussions of how businesses ought or may make internal arrangement for their own decision making. This means that there are some readings on the so-called "internalization of ethics", including discussions of the usefulness of codes of ethics in attempts to ensure that corporations behave morally, and some on the moral appropriacy of using (only) cost benefit analysis in business decision making.


(a) Regulation by government and self regulation:

Kenneth R. Andrews, "Can the best corporations be made moral?" HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, 51, 1973, 57-64.

Kenneth J. Arrow, "Social responsibility and economic efficiency", PUBLIC POLICY, vol. xxi, no. 3, 1973. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie as "Business codes and economic efficiency."

Michael S. Baram, ALTERNATIVES TO REGULATION, Lexington Books, 1981.

Geral L. Barkdoll, "The perils and promise of economic analysis for regulatory decision making," FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL, 34, 1979.

Francis M. Bator, "The anatomy of market failure," THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 72, 1958, 351-379.

William J. Baumol, "Business responsibility and economic behaviour", in Anshen, 1974. Reprinted in Braybrooke.

John E. Beach, "Codes of ethics: the professional catch 22", JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING AND PUBLIC POLICY, 3, 1984, 311-323. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

John Beach, "Codes of ethics: court enforcement through public policy," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, 4, 1984, 53-64.

Howard H. Bell, "Self-regulation by the advertising industry," CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW, 16, 1974, 58-63.

Norman E. Bowie, BUSINESS ETHICS, Prentice-Hall, pp. 118-124. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie as "Criteria for government regulations."

A. Briloff, "Codes of conduct: their sound and their fury," in DeGeorge and Pichler.

John Byrne, "What's wrong with being reasonable? The politics of cost-benefit analysis", in Beauchamp and Bowie.

John C. Coffee, "No soul to damn: no body to kick; An unscandalized inquiry into the problem of corporate punishment," MICHIGAN LAW REVIEW, 79, 1981, 386-459.

John C. Coffee, "Regulating the market for corporate control," COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW, 84, 1145-1296.

Douglas M. Cortle, "Innovative regulation," ECONOMIC IMPACT, 29, 1979.

Robert W. Crandell and Lester B. Lave, editors, THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATION, Brookings Institute, 1981.

Henry Eilbert and I.R. Parket, "The corporate responsibility officer: A new position on the organization chart," BUSINESS HORIZONS, 16, 1973, 45-51.

Richard DeGeorge, BUSINESS ETHICS, Macmillan, 1982, chapter 8, "Corporate Responsibility and the Moral Audit."

Baruch Fischhoff, Sarah Lichtenstein, et al. ACCEPTABLE RISK, Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Brent Fisse and John Braithwaite, THE IMPACT OF PUBLICITY ON CORPORATE OFFENDERS, State University of New York Press, 1983.

Brent Fisse and Peter A. French, CORRIGIBLE CORPORATION AND UNRULY LAW, Trinity University Press, 1985.

Mark Green and Norman Waitzman, BUSINESS WAR ON THE LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF THE BENEFITS OF FEDERAL HEALTH/SAFETY ENFORCEMENT, The Corporate Accounting Research Group, 1979.

Ivan Hill, THE ECONOMIC BASIS OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM, American Viewpoint, 1976.

W. Michael Hoffman, Jennifer Mills Moore and David Fedo, editors, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONALIZING ETHICS, Lexington Books, 1984.

M. Bruce Johnson and Tibor R. Machan, RIGHTS AND REGULATION, Ballinger, 1982.

Steven Kelman, "Regulation that works", THE NEW REPUBLIC, nov. 25, 1978. Reprinted in HOffman and Moore.

Steven Kelman, "Regulation and paternalism," PUBLIC POLICY, vol. 29, 1981. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Tibor R. Machan and M. Bruce Johnson, editors, RIGHTS AND REGULATION: ETHICAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES, Ballinger, 1983.

Douglas Maclean, "Risk and consent: philosophical issues for centralized decisions," RISK ANALYSIS, 2, 1982, 59-67.

Douglas Maclean, VALUES AT RISK, Rowman and Allanheld, 1986.

Ian Maitland, "The limits of business self-regulation," CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW, vol. 27, 1985. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Barry M. Mitnick, THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REGULATION, Columbia University Press, 1980.

Robert W. Poole, editor, INSTEAD OF REGULATION, Lexington Books, 1981.

Ribhard A. Posner, REGULATION OF ADVERTSING BY THE FTC, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1973.

Theordore V., S.J., "Institutionalizing ethics on corporate boards," REVIEW OF SOCIAL ECONOMY, 36, 1978, 41-54.

Steven E. Rhoads, editor, VALUING LIFE: PUBLIC POLICY DILEMMAS, Westview Press, 1980.

Steven E. Rhoads, "The role and composition of the board of directors of the large publicly owned corporations," Statement of the Business Roundtable, January, 1978.

Henri Schwamm and Dimitri Germides, CODES OF CONDUCT FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES: ISSUES AND POSITIONS, European Centre for Study and Information on Multinational Corporations, 1977.

Prakash S. Sethi, "Getting a handle on the social audit," Business and Society Review, 4, 1972-3, 31-38.

K.S. Schrader-Frechette, SCIENCE POLICY, ETHICS, AND ECONOMIC METHODOLOGY, Reidel, 1985.

Norman D. Stone, WHERE THE LAW ENDS, Harper and Row, 1975, pp. 93-110. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie as "Why the law can't do it."

Paul H. Weaver, "Regulations, social policy, and class conflict," The Public Interest, 50, 1978, 45-63.

James Weber, "Institutionalizing ethics into the corporation", MSU BUSINESS TOPICS, Spring 1981. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

William B. Werther, "Government control vs corporate ingenuity," LABOR LAW REVIEW, 26, 1975, 36-67.

Murray L. Wiedenbaum, "The high cost of government regulation," BUSINESS HORIZONS, 18, 1975, 43-51.


(b) The Corporation as Moral Agent:

Wallace Clement, THE CANADIAN CORPORATION ELITE: AN ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE POWER, McClelland and Stewart, 1975.

Richard DeGeorge, "Can corporations have moral responsibility?" in "Collective responsibility in the professions," UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON REVIEW, 5, 1981-2, edited by Michael A. Payne, pp. 3-15. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Thomas Donaldson, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY, Prentice-Hall, 1982, chapter 7.

William M. Evan and R. Edward Freeman, "A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Kantian capitalism," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Peter French, "Institutional and moral obligations," JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, vol. 74, 1977.

Peter French, "The principle of responsive adjustment in corporate moral responsibility: the crash at Mount Erebus," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, 3, 1984.

Peter French, "The corporation as a moral person," AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, vol. 16, no. 3, 1979. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.

Harry J. Glasbeek, "Why corporate deviance is not treated as a crime - the need to make `profits' a dirty word," OSGOODE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 22, no. 3, Fall, 1984. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow as "Criminal prosecution of corporate wrongdoing."

Kenneth E. Goodpaster and John B. Matthews, "Can a corporation have a conscience?" HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Jan.-Feb. 1982. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Michael Keeley, "Organizations as non-persons," JOURNAL OF VALUE INQUIRY, 15, 1981. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.

The Law Reform Commission of Canada, CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR GROUP ACTION, Working Paper 16, 1976.

Ross Murray, CANADIAN CORPORATE DIRECTORS ON THE FIRING LINE, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1980.

J.E. Smyth, "The social implications of incorporation," in J.S. Ziegel, editor, CANADIAN LAW, Butterworths, 1967.

J.E. Smyth and D.A. Soberman, THE LAW AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN CANADA, Prentice-Hall Canada, 4th edition, 1983.

Manuel G. Velasquez, "Why corporations are not morally responsible for anything they do," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, 2, 1983. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 88.

Patricia Hogue Werhane, "Formal organizations, economic freedom and moral agency," JOURNAL OF VALUE INQUIRY, 14, 1980. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.


(c) Cost benefit analysis and the corporate social audit:

Michael S. Baram, "Cost-benefit analysis: an inadequate basis for health, safety and environmental regulatory decision-making", ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY, 8, 1980. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

David H. Blake and William C. Frederick and Mildred S. Myers, SOCIAL AUDITING: EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE PROGRESS, Praeger, 1976.

John J. Corson, George A. Steiner and Robert C. Meehan, MEASURING BUSINESS'S SOCIAL PERFORMANCE: THE CORPORATE SOCIAL AUDIT, Committee for Economic Development, New Yiork. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie as "The logic, scope and feasibility of the corporate social audit."

Ralph Estes, CORPORATE SOCIAL ACCOUNTING, John Wiley and sons, 1976.

Steven Kelman, "Cost-benefit analysis: an ethical critique," REGULATION, 1981, pp. 74-82. Reprinted in VanDeVeer and Pierce, cited below, and in Hoffman and Moore.

Herman B. Leonard and Richard J. Zechhauser, "Cost-benefit analysis defended," QQ: REPORT FROM THE CENTER FOR PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC POLICY, University of Maryland, vol. 3, No. 3, 1983. Reprinted in VanDeVeer and Pierce, cited below.

E.J. Mishan, COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS: AN INTRODUCTION, Praeger, 1987.

Mark Sagoff, "At the shrine of our Lady of Fatima, or Why political questions are not all economic," ARIZONA LAW REVIEW, 23, 1981, 225-233. Reprinted in Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, PEOPLE, PENGUINS, AND PLASTIC TREES: BASIC ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, Wadsworth, 1986, and "Why efficiency is not enough" in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Mark Sagoff, THE ECONOMY OF THE EARTH: PHILOSOPHY, LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Laurence H. Tribe, "Ways not to think about plastic trees: new foundations for environmental law," YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 83, no. 7, June, 1974, pp. 1215ff. Selection in VanDeVeer and Pierce, cited below.

Vincent Vaccaro, "Cost-benefit analysis and public policy formulation", in Norman Bowie, editor, ETHICAL ISSUES IN GOVERNMENT, 1981. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

It should be obvious that discussions of how society, including government, ought to organize the setting (including the regulatory and legal setting) in which business makes their decisions decisions of specific kinds (e.g. discussions of decision making in relation to the environment, in relation to affirmative action, etc., ought to be organized) may indeed not only serve as much needed detailed discussions of examples, but also contain general and theoretically relevant discussions.



III. HIRING AND PROMOTION POLICIES AND ISSUES:

Joseph Adelson, "Living with quotas," COMMENTARY, 65, 1978.

Robert Amdur, "Compensatory justice: the question of costs," POLITICAL THEORY, 7, 1979.

Diana Axelson, "With all deliberate delay: on justifying preferential policies in education and employment," PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM, 9, 1977-8.

Barbara Babcock, SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW: CAUSES AND REMEDIES, Little, Brown and Co., 1975.

Tom L. Beauchamp, "The justification of reverse discrimination", in Blackstone and Heslep, editors, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, University of Georgia Press, 1977. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

William T. Blackstone, "Reverse discrimination and compensatory justice", in Blackstone and Heslep, editors, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, University of Georgia Press, 1977. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie

Alfred Blumrosen, "Quotas, common sense and law in labour relations: three dimensions of equal opportunity," RUTGERS LAW REVIEW, 27, 1974.

Alfred Blumrosen, "Strangers in paradise: Griggs v Duke Power Co. and the concept of emplyment discrimination," MICHIGAL LAW REVIEW, 71, 1975.

Norman E. Bowie and Robert L. Simon, THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE POLITICAL ORDER, Chapter 9, Prentice-Hall, 1977.

Barbara M. Boyle, "Equal opportunities for women in smart business," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, May-June, 1973.

David Braybrooke, ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS, Rowman and Allanhead, 1983, chapter 8 (useful for some Canadian Cases.).

Paul Burstein, DISCRIMINATION, JOBS, AND POLITICS, University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Carl Cohen, "Why racial preference is illegal and immoral," COMMENTARY, 67, 1979.

Marshal Cohen, Thomas Nagel and Thomas Scanlon, editors, EQUALITY AND PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, Princeton University Press, 1977.

Richard DeGeorge, BUSINESS ETHICS, Macmillan, 1982, chapter 10, "Discrimination, Affirmative Action, and Reverse Discrimination."

Sean DeForrest, "How can comparable worth be achieved," PERSONNEL, Sept.-Oct., 1984, pp. 4-9. Reprinted in Donaldson and Werhane.

Ronald Dworkin, "The rights of Alan Bakke", NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS, 1977. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

Ronald Dworkin, "How to read the civil rights act," MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW, 56, 1979.

Harry T. Edwards, "Race discrimination in employment: what price equality?" UNIVERSITY ILLINOIS OF LAW FORUM, 1976.

E.M. Epstein and D.R. Hampton, BLACK AMERICA AND WHITE BUSINESS, Wadsworth, 1971

Owen Fiss, "A theory of fair employment laws," UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW, 38, 1971.

Owen M. Fiss, "Groups and the equal protection clause," PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 5, 1976. Reprinted in Cohen et al. 1977, above.

Owen Fiss, "School desegregration: the uncertain path of the law," PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 4, 1974. Reprinted in Cohen et al., 1977, above.

Robert K. Fullinwider, "Preferential hiring and compensation: a reply to Thompson," SOCIAL THEORY AND PRACTICE, vol. 3, 1975. Reprinted in Hoffman and Moore.

Robert K. Fullinwider, THE REVERSE DISCRIMINATION CONTROVERSY, Rowman and Allanheld, 1980.

Nathan Glazer, AFFIRMATIVE DISCRIMINATION: ETHNIC INEQUALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Basic Books, 1975.

Alan H. Goldman, "Justice and Hiring by competence", AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, 1977. Reprinted DesJardins and McCall.

Alan Goldman, "Affirmative action," PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 2, 1976. Reprinted in Cohen et al., 1977, above.

Alan Goldman, JUSTICE AND REVERSE DISCRIMINATION, Princeton University Press, 1979.

Barry Gross, "Is turn-about fair play?", JOURNAL OF CRITICAL ANALYSIS, vol. 5. 1975. Reprinted in Barry Gross, editor, REVERSE DISCRIMINATION, Prometheus Books, 1977, and in Donaldson and Werhane, 1986.

Barry R. Gross, REVERSE DISCRIMINATION, Prometheus Books, 1977.

Sidney Hook, "Discrimination, color blindness, and the quota system", MEASURE, no. 30, 1974. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1979.

Thomas Nagel, "Equal treatment and compensatory discrimination," PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 2, 1973. Reprinted in Cohen et al., 1977, above.

Thomas Nagel, "A defence of affirmative action" in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1979.

Lisa H. Newton, "Reverse discrimination as unjustified", ETHICS, 83, 1983. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

Lisa H. Newton, "Bakke and Davis: justice American style," NATURAL FORUM: THE PHI KAPPA PHI JOURNAL, 58, 1978.

James W. Nickel, "Classification by race in compensatory programs", ETHICS, vol. 84, 1974. Reprinted in Donaldson and Werhane.

Richard Posner, "The Bakke case and futures of `affirmative action'," CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW, 67, 1979.

Richard Posner, "The DeFunis case and constitutionality of preferential treatment of racial minorities," THE (U.S.) SUPREME COURT REVIEW, University of Chicago Press, 1975.

Helen Remick, COMPARABLE WORTH AND WAGE DISCRIMINATION, Temple University Press, 1984.

William Bradford Reynolds, "Equal opportunity, not equal results," in Robert K. Fullinwider and Claudia Mills, editors, THE MORAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL RIGHTS, Rowman and Littlefield, 1986. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

George Sher, "Justifying reverse discrimination in employment," PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 4, 1975. Reprinted in Cohen et al., 1977, above.

George Sher, "Reverse discrimination, the future, and the past," ETHICS, 90, 1979.

George Sher, "Groups and justice," Ethics, 87, 1977, 174-181, Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Robert L. Simon, "Preferential hiring: a reply to Judith Jarvis Thomson," PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 3, 1974. Reprinted in Cohen et al., 1977, above.

Robert L. Simon, "Comparable pay for comparable work," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Judith Jarvis Thomson, "Preferential hiring", PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, vol. 2, no. 4, 1973. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie and Reprinted in Cohen et al., 1977, above.

Rosemarie Tong, "Three incomparable perspectives on comparable worth," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Manuel G. Velasquez, BUSINESS ETHICS: CONCEPTS AND CASES, Prentice-Hall, 1982, 1988,

Joseph P. Vitteritti, BUREAUCRACY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE: ALLOCATION OF JOBS AND SERVICES TO MINORITY GROUPS, Kennikat Press, 1979.

Richard Wasserstrom, "Racism, sexism, and preferential treatment: an approach to the topics." U.C.L.A. LAW REVIEW, 581, 1977.

Richard Wasserstrom, "A defence of programs of preferential treatment", PHI KAPPA PHI JOURNAL, lviii, 1978, reprinted in Donaldson and Werhane and in DesJardins and McCall.

See also the selections in Poff and Waluchow, section 6, and also their bibliography.



IV. LYING AND TRUTH TELLING IN BUSINESS:

(a) On Lying:

Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 2.2 Question 109, 110.

Hannah Arendt, "Truth and Politics" in Peter Laslett and W.G. runciman, eds., PHILOSOPHY, POLITICS, AND SOCIETY, 3rd series, 1967.

Aristotle, NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS, IV, vii.

Augustine, "Lying" and "Against Lying" in TREATISES ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS, vols. 14 and 16, edited by R.J. Defarri, 1952.

Augustine, ENCHAIRIDION ON FAITH HOPE AND CHARITY, edited by Henry Paolucci, 1961.

Francis Bacon, "Of Truth", in ESSAYS CIVIL AND MORAL, London: Ward, Lock and Co., 1910.

Jeremy Bentham, THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS AND LEGISLATION, chapter 16.

Sisela Bok, LYING: MORAL CHOICE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE, Vintage Books, 1978.

Albert Z. Carr, "Is business bluffing ethical?", HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Jan-Feb 1968. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Thomas L. Carson, Richard E. Wokutch, Kent F. Murrman, "Bluffing in labour relations: legal and ethical issues," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS 1, 1982. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Roderick M. Chisholm and Thomas D. Feehan, "The Intent to Deceive", JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, volume lxxiv, no. 3, March 1977.

Charles Fried, RIGHT AND WRONG, Harvard U.P., 1978, chapter 3

Arnold Isenberg, "Deontology and the Ethics of Lying", PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 24 (1964), 465-480. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie and in Thomson and Dworkin, ETHICS, pp. 163-185.

Immanuel Kant, THE DOCTRINE OF VIRTUE, trans. Mary J. Gregor, part 2.

Immanuel Kant, "On the Supposed Right to Lie from Benevolent Motives". In THE CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON AND OTHER WRITINGS IN MORAL PHILOSOPHY, edited and translated by Lewis White Beck, 1949. Reprinted in B. Brody, editor, MORAL RULES AND PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, Prentice-Hall, 1970.

Joseph Kupfer, "The Moral Presumption against Lying", REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS 36 (September, 1982).

Burton Leiser, LIBERTY, JUSTICE, AND MORALS, Collier-Macmillan, 1973, Part III

Henry Sidgwick, METHODS OF ETHICS, Macmillan, 1907, pp. 312-319

Fred Siegler, "Lying," AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, vol. 3, 1966.


(b) Lying, Deception and Bluffing in Business Practice:

Albert Z. Carr, "Is business bluffing ethical?", HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Jan-Feb 1968. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, in Hoffman and Moore, and in Donaldson and Werhane.

Norman E. Bowie, "Does it pay to bluff in business?" in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Timothy B. Blodgett, "Showdown on `business bluffing'", HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, May-June, 1968.

David Braybrooke, ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS, Rowman and Allanheld, 1983, chapter 4.

Thomas L. Carson, Richard E. Wokutch, Kent F. Murrman, "Bluffing in labour relations: legal and ethical issues," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS 1, 1982. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie and in Poff and Waluchow.

David M. Holley, "A moral evaluation of sales practices," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

James H. Michelman, "Deception in commercial negotiation," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, vol. 2, no. 4, 1983. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.

Roger J. Sullivan, "A response to `Is business bluffing ethical?'", BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, vol. 3, 1984, 1-18.

Richard E. Wokutch and Thomas L. Carson, "The ethics and profitability of bluffing in business," THE WESTMINSTER INSTITUTE REVIEW, vol. 1, no. 2, 1981. Reprinted in Hoffman and Moore and in Donaldson and Werhane.


(c) Lying, Deception, and Advertising Ethics:

Robert L. Arrington, "Advertising and behaviour control," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, vol. 1, 1982. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow, in DesJardins and McCall and in Donaldson and Werhane, 1988.

Tom L. Beauchamp, "Manipulative advertising," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, vol. 3, nos. 3 and 4, 1984. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Stanley I. Benn, "Freedom and Persuasion," AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, vol. 45, 1967. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

J.R. Bennett, "Saturday Review's Annual Advertising Awards," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, vol. 2, no. 2. 1983.

David Braybrooke, ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS, Rowman and Allanhead, 1983, chapters 5 and 15.

Earl Classen, "Marketing ethics and the consumer," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Jan-Feb. 1967.

Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada, THE MISLEADING ADVERTISING BULLETIN, Ottawa.

John Culkin, "Selling to children: fair play in TV commercials," Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences, 1976. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

Richard DeGeorge, BUSINESS ETHICS, Macmillan, 1982, chapter 11, "Truth and advertising."

Gerald Dworkin, "Autonomy and behavior control," Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences, 1976. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

John Kenneth Galbraith, "The dependence effect," in Beauchamp and Bowie. This is a selection from his THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY, Houghton Mifflin, 1958, 1969, 1976. Reprinted also in Donaldson and Werhane.

John Kenneth Galbraith, "Persuasion - and power", from his ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC PURPOSE, Houghton Mifflin, 1973. Reprinted in DesJardin and McCall.

David M. Gardner, "Deception in advertising: a conceptual approach," JOURNAL OF MARKETING, vol. 39, 1975, 40-46.

Alan Goldman, "Ethical issues in advertising," in Tom Regan, editor, JUST BUSINESS: NEW INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS IN BUSINESS ETHICS, Random House, 1984.

Christopher Gowans, "Integrity in the corporation: the plights of corporate product advocates" JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, vol. 3, no. 1, 1984.

J.E. Gratz, "The ethics of subliminal communication," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, vol. 3, no. 3, 1984.

Stephen A. Goodpaster, "Advertising: attacks and counters," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, vol. 50, 1972, 22-24.

Virginia Held, "Advertising and program content," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, vol. 3, nos. 3 and 4, 1984.

Nat Hentoff, "Would you run this ad?", BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, vol. 14, 1975, 8-13.

John G. Keane, "On professionalism in advertising," JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING, vol. 3, 1974, 6-12.

Burton Leiser, LIBERTY, JUSTICE, AND MORALS, Collier-Macmillan, 1973, Part III. Selection reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Burton Leiser, "The ethics of advertising," in deGeorge and Pichler.

Burton Leiser, "Professional advertising," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, , vol. 3, nos. 3 and 4, 1984.

Carol Levine, "Research on young viewers: the policy implications," Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences, 1976. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

Theodore Levitt, "The morality (?) of advertising," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, vol. 48, 1970.

Alex C. Michalos, "Advertising: its logic, ethics, and economics," in J.A.Blair and R.H.Johnson, editors, INFORMAL LOGIC, Edgepress, 1980. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.

Reese P. Miller, "Persuasion and the dependence effect," in Poff and Waluchow.

Timothy E. Moore, "Subliminal advertising: what you see is what you get," JOURNAL OF MARKETING, vol. 46, 1982. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

Pat Murphy and Ben M. Enis, "Let's hear the case against brand X," BUSINESS AND SOCIETY, vol. 12, winter 1974-5, 82-89.

Phillip Nelson, "Advertising and ethics," in deGeorge and Pichler. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Vance Packard, THE HIDDEN PERSUASERS, Penguin Books, 1957.

Lynda Paine, "Children as consumers," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL. , vol. 3, nos. 3 and 4, 1984.

Ribhard A. Posner, REGULATION OF ADVERTSING BY THE FTC, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1973.

Ivan L. Preston, THE GREAT AMERICAN BLOWUP: PUFFERY IN ADVERTISING AND SELLING, University of Wisconsin Press, 1975.

Ivan L. Preston, "Reasonable consumer or ignorant consumer," JOURNAL OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, vol. 8, no. 2, 1974. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

John H. Reilly, "A welfare critique of advertising," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, 31, 1972, 283-293.

Daniel Rochowiak, "Subliminal advertising: an open question," in DesJardins and McCall.

C.H. Sandage and Vernon Fryburger, ADVERTISING THEORY AND PRACTICE, 9th edition, 1975.

Frederick Stuart, editor, CONSUMER PROTECTION FROM DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING, Hofstgra University, 1974.

G. William Trivoli, "Has the consumer really lost his sovereignty?", AKRON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC REVIEW, vol. 1., no. 4, 1970. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

F.A. von Hayek, "The non sequitur of the "dependence effect"", SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, April 1961. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Ralph K. Winter, "Advertising and Legal Theory," in David Terck, ISSUES IN ADVERTISING, American Enterprise Institute, 1978. Reprinted in DesJardins and McCall.

R.P. Wyckham and A. Wensley, "The language of advertising: who controls quality," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, vol. 3, no. 1, 1984.



V. HARM, AND RISK OF HARM TO CONSUMERS, EMPLOYEEES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

See also, for obvious reasons, not only some of the literature cited in the section on the narrow conception of corporate responsibility, but also literature cited under the section on the regulation of business.


(a) Harm to consumers:

Conrad Berenson, "The product liability revolution," BUSINESS HORIZONS, 15, October, 1972.

David Braybrooke, ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS, Rowman and Allanheld, 1983, chapter 16.

George G. Brenkert, "Strict products liability and compensatory justice," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

E. Carruba, ASSURING PRODUCT INTEGRITY, Lexingtion Books, 1975.

Earl Classen, "Marketing ethics and the consumer," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Jan-Feb. 1967.

June Fessenden-Raden and Bernard Gert, "A philosophical approach to the management of occupational health hazards," published by the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green State University, 1984, 2-43. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

G. Fletcher, "Fairness and utility in tort theory," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, l85, January, 1972, 537-573.

I. Gray, PRODUCT LIABILITY: A MANAGEMENT RESSPONSE, chapter 6, Amacom, 1975.

Fred Luthans, et al., SOCIAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS, pt. III, Macmillan, 1984.

David G. Owen, "Rethinking the policies of strict products liability," VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW, 33, 1980, 686.

Marcus L. Plant, "Strict liability of manufacturers for injuries caused by defects in products - an opposing view," TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW, 24, 1957, 945.

R. Posner, "Strict liability: a comment," THE JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES, 2, 1973, 205-221.

Ivan L. Preston, THE GREAT AMERICAN BLOWUP: PUFFERY IN ADVERTISING AND SELLING, University of Wisconsin Press, 1975.

William L. Prosser, "The assault upon the citadel (strict liability to the consumer)," THE YALE LAW JOURNAL, 69, 1960, 119.

Alvin S. Weinstein, et a., PRODUCTS LIABILITY AND THE REASONABLY SAFE PRODUCT, John Wiley, 1978.


(b) Harm to employees:

David Braybrooke, ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS, Rowman and Allanheld, 1983, chapter 10.

Norman Daniels, JUST HEALTH CARE, chapter 8, Cambridge University Press , 1985.

Eric Eckholm, "Unhealthy jobs," ENVIRONMENT, 19, June, 1977, 29-38.

Alan Gewirth, "Human rights and the prevention of cancer," AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, vol. 17, no. 2, 1980. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.

Mary Gibson, WORKERS' RIGHTS, Rowman and Allanheld, 1983.

Harry J. Glasbeek, "The worker as victim," THE CANADIAN FORUM, March, 1981. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.

Hastings Center Report, "Occupational health," 14, August, 1984.

Vilma R. Hunt, "Perspective on ethical issues in occupational health," in R. Almeder and I Humber Clifton, editors, BIOMEDICAL ETHICS REVIEWS, 1984.

Roger E. Kasperson, "Worker participation in protection: the Swedish alternative," CENTED Reprint No. 33, Center for Technology, Environment, and Development, Clark University, January, 1984.

Stuart Kaufman and Judson MacLaury, "Historical Perspectives," in Judson MacLaury, editor, PROTECTING PEOPLE AT WORK, 16-31, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980.

Thomas Murray and Ronald Bayer, "Ethical Issues in Occupational Health," in R. Almeder and I Humber Clifton, editors, BIOMEDICAL ETHICS REVIEWS, 1984.

Robert Sass, "The worker's right to know, participate and refuse hazardous work: a manifesto right," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, April, 1986.

Russell F. Schottenfeld and Burton A. Weisbrod, "Occupational safety and health and public interest," in Buron Weisbrod, et al. PUBLIC INTEREST LAW, University of California Press, 1977.


(c) The environment:

The ideas of cost benefit analysis have been much criticized in the literature on business and the environment. It is therefore sensible to look at that literature. For that see the section on regulation above (section II).

Robert W. Ackerman, THE SOCIAL CHALLENGE TO BUSINESS, Harvard University Press, 1975.

Ackerman, Bruce A. and William T. Hassler, CLEAN COAL, DIRTY AIR, Yale University Press, 1981.

Yair Aharoni, THE NON-RISK SOCIETY, Chatam Houst, 1981.

Frederick R. Anderson, et al., ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT THROUGH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977.

William F. Baxter, PEOPLE OR PENGUINS: THE CASE FOR OPTIMAL POLLUTION, Columbia University Press, 1974, pages 1-13. Reprinted in VanDeVeer and Pierce, cited below.

William T. Blackstone, editor, PHILOSOPHY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS, University of Georgia Press, 1974.

David L. Brunner, et al., editors, CORPORATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: HOW SHOULD DECISIONS BE MADE? Committee on Corporate Responsibility, 1981.

Robert Elliot and Arran Gare, editors, ENVIRONMENT PHILOSOPHY, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1983.

A. Myrick Freeman, "The ethical basis of the economic view of the environment," in in VanDeVeer and Pierce, cited below.

Mary Gibson, TO BREATHE FREELY: RISK, CONSENT AND AIR, Rowman and Allanheld, 1985.

K.E. Goodpaster and K.M.Sayre, editors, ETHICS AND PROBLEMS OF THE 21ST CENTURY, University of Notre Dame Press, 1979.

Philip P. Hanson, editor, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES, Institute for the Humanities/Simon Fraser University University Publications, 1986.

Garret Hardin and John Baden, MANAGING THE COMMONS, W.H.Freeman, 1977.

Aldo Leopold, 'The Land Ethic," in A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC, Oxford University Press, 1966.

Ernest Partridge, editor, RESPONSIBILITY TO FUTURE GENERATIONS: ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, Prometheus Books, 1981.

Tom Regan, editor, EARTHBOUND: NEW INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, Random House, 1984.

Holmes Rolston, "Is there an ecological ethic?", ETHICS, 85, 1975.

Mark Sagoff, "Economic theory and environmental law," MICHIGAN LAW REVIEW, 79, 1981.

Mark Sagoff, "At the shrine of our Lady of Fatimam, or Why political questions are not all economic," ARIZONA LAW REVIEW, 23, 1981, 225-233. Reprinted in Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, PEOPLE, PENGUINS, AND PLASTIC TREES: BASIC ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, Wadsworth, 1986, and "Why efficiency is not enough" in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Mark Sagoff, THE ECONOMY OF THE EARTH: PHILOSOPHY, LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Kenneth Sayre, editor, VALUES IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY, University of Notre Dame Press, 1977.

Donald Scherer and Thomas Attig, editor, ETHICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Prentice-Hall, 1983.

E.F. Schumaker, SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL, Harper and Row, 1973.

Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, Boxwood Press, 1982.

Laurence Tribe, "Ways not to think about plastic trees," THE YALE LAW JOURNAL, 83, 1974.

Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, PEOPLE, PENGUINS, AND PLASTIC TREES: BASIC ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, Wadsworth, 1986.

Manuel G. Velasquez, BUSINESS ETHICS: CONCEPTS AND CASES, Prentice-Hall, 1982, chapter 5, "Ethics and the environment". Selection reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Note that there is also a journal ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, founded in 1979.



VI. ACCOUNTING, FINANCE AND INVESTMENT:

John E. Beach, "Codes of ethics: the professional catch 22", JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING AND PUBLIC POLICY, 3, 1984, 311-323. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

L.J. Boulle, CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM AN APARTHEIT, St. Martin's Press, 1983.

Abraham K. Briloff, THE TRUTH ABOUT CORPORATE ACCOUNTING, Harper and Row, 1979.

BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, "South Africa: is there a peaceful path to pluralism?" A Symposium Issue, 57, 1986.

J. Carey and W. Doherty, ETHICAL STANDARDS OF THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION, New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 1966.

D. Carmichael and R. Swieringa, "The compatibility of auditing independence and mangement services - an identification of issues," THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW, 43, 1968, 697-705.

D. Causey, DUTIES AND LIABILIITIES OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS, Dow-Jones-Irwin, 1982.

Dorman L. Commons, TENDER OFFER: THE SNEAK ATTACK IN CORPORATE TAKEOVERS, University of California Press, 1985.

Michael Davis, "Conflict of interest," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, 1, 1982. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Richard DeGeorge, BUSINESS ETHICS, Macmillan, 1982, chapter 14, "Multinationals and Morality.". Selection reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie

Lee Elbinger, "Are Sullivan's principle folly in South Africa?" BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, 30, 1979, 35-40.

William F. Hamilton and William D. Callahan, "The accountant as public professional," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Michael C. Jensen, "Takeovers: forklore and science," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, 62, 1984, 109-121.

Sharon D. Knight and Deborah Knight, THE CONCERNED INVESTOR'S GUIDE: NON FINANCIAL CORPORATE DATA, Resource Publishing Group Inc., 1983.

Craig Lehman, "Takeovers and takeover defenses: some utilities of the free market," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

S. Loeb, editor, ETHICS IN THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION, Wiley, 1978.

D. Meyers, U.S. BUSINESS IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND MORAL ISSUES, Indiana University Press, 1980.

Joseph Murphy, "The apartheit debate on American campuses," BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, 57, 1986, 113-117. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Lisa Newton, "The hostile takeover: an opposition view," in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1988.

Frank K. Parker, SOUTH AFRICA: LOST OPPORTUNITIES, Lexington Books, 1983.

Charles W. Powers, editor, PEOPLE/PROFITS: THE ETHICS OF INVESTMENTS, New York Council on Religion and International Affairs, 1972.

A. and N. Seidman, SOUTH AFRICA AND U.S. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS, Lawrence Hill, 1978.

John G. Simon, Charles W. Powers, Jon P. Gunneman, THE ETHICAL INVESTOR: UNIVERSITIES AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY, Yale University Press, 1972.

Howard F. Stettler, "Two proposals for strengthening auditor independence," MSU BUSINESS TOPICS, 28, 1980, 37-41.

Mark Stevens, THE ACCOUNTING WARS, Macmillan, 1985.

Robert J. Stock, "Commercialism in the professions: a threat to be managed," JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTANCY, 128, 1985, 132-4.

William L. Talbert, "Who should set accounting standards?" ATLANTA ECONOMIC REVIEW, 28, 1978, 12-17.

F. Windal and R. Corley, THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION: ETHICS, RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY, Prentice-hall, 1980.



VII. EMPLOYEE RIGHTS, EMPLOYEE DUTIES, CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND CONFLICT OF OBLIGATION:

(a) The moral status of employees:

Kurt Baier, "Duties to One's Employer", in NEW INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Tom Regan. Random House, 1984;

Lawrence E. Blades, "Employment at will vs Individual liberty: on limiting the abusive exercise of employment power," COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW, 67, 1967, 1404-1435.

Phillip I. Blumberg(1971), "Corporate Responsibility and the Employee's Duty of Loyalty and Obedience: a Preliminary Enquiry", OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEW, volume 24, no. 3. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie(1983);

Norman E. Bowie(1981), "The moral contract between employer and employee", in W.M.Hoffman and T.J. Wyly(1981), THE WORK ETHIC IN BUSINESS, Cambridge(Mass.): Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hair. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie(1983);

David J. Cherrington, THE WORK ETHIC: WORKING VALUES AND VALUES THAT WORK, Amacom, 1980.

Gordon L. Doerfer, "The limits of trade secret law imposed by Federal Patent and Antitrust Supremacy," HARVARD LAW REVIEW, 80, 1967, 1432-1462.

Thomas Donaldson, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY, Prentice-Hall, 1982, chapter 7.

David W. Ewing, FREEDOM INSIDE THE ORGANIZATION; BRINGING CIVIL LIBERTIES TO THE WORKPLACE, E.P. Dutton, 1977.

Walter B. Gulick(1983), "Loyalty and Responsibility in the Corporation" in Beauchamp and Bowie(1983);

William J. Holloway, "Fired employees challenging terminable-at-will doctrine," THE NATIONAL LAW JOURNAL, February, 19, 1972, 22.

Dudley Jackson, UNFAIR DISMISSAL: HOW AND WHY THE LAW WORKS, Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Paul Lansing and Richard Pegnetter, "Fair dismissal procedures for non-union employees," AMERICAL BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL,20, 1982.

David F. Linowes, "Is business giving employees privacy," BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, 32, 1979-80, 47-49.

Ronald M. Mason, PARTICIPATORY AND WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY, Southern Illinois University Press, 1982.

Alex C. Michalos(1979, 1983), "The Loyal Agent's Argument", in Beauchamp and Bowie (1979 and 1983);

James Nickel, "Is there a human right ot employment?" PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM, 10, 1979.

Deborah Poff, "The loyal agent's argument revisited," in Poff and Waluchow, 1986.

Charles W. Powers, "Individual dignity and institutional identity: the paradoxical needs of the corporate employee," in W. Michael Hoffman and Thomas J. Wyly, THE WORK ETHIC IN BUSINESS, Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, 1981.

Charles W. Powers, "Protecting at-will employees against wrongful discharge: the duty to terminate only in good faith," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, 93, 1980, 1816-1844.

J.E. Smyth and D.A. Soberman, THE LAW AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN CANADA, Prentice-Hall Canada, 4th edition, 1983, pp. 675-6 and 681-2.

Milton Snoeyenbos, et al., editors, BUSINESS ETHICS, Prometheus Books, 1982, chapters 2-5.

George E. Stevens, "The legality of discharging employees for insubordinations," AMERICAN BUSINESS LAW, 18, 1980, 371-389.

C. Summers, "Individual protection against unjust dismissal: time for a statute," VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, 62, 1976, 481-532.

Patricia Werhane, "Accountability and employee rights," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHILOSOPHY, 1, 1983, 15-26.

Patricia Werhane, PERSONS, RIGHTS, AND CORPORATIONS, Prentice-Hall, 1985.

Patricia Werhane, "Employment at will and due process: contrary employment practices," in Donaldson and Werhane, 1986.

Alan F. Westin and Stephan Salisbury, INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IN THE CORPORATION: A READER ON EMPLOYEE RIGHTS, Pantheon, 1980.


(b) The voluntariness of the employee contract:

G.A. Cohen(1978), "Robert Nozick and Wilt Chamberlain: How Patterns Preserve Liberty", in J. Arthur and W.H. Shaw(1978), editors, JUSTICE AND ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Harry Frankfurt(1973), "Coercion and Moral Responsibility", in T. Honderich(1973), editor, ESSAYS ON FREEDOM OF ACTION, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Robert Nozick(1969), "Coercion", in S. Morgenbesser et al.(1969), editors, PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE AND METHOD, New York: St. Martins Press.

Robert Nozick(1974), ANARCHY, STATE, UTOPIA. New York: Basic Books, pp. 262-265;

Peter Singer(1978), "Rights and the Market", in J. Arthur and W.H. Shaw(1978), op. cit.;

David Zimmerman(1981), "Coercive Wage Offers", PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, volume 10, 121-145.


(c) Privacy of employees:

Gordon H. Barland, "The case for the polygraph in employment screening," PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATOR, Sept. 1985. Reprinted in Donaldson and Werhance, 1986.

George G. Brenkert, "Privacy, Polygraphs, and Work", BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, vol. 1, no. 1, 1981. Reprinted in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.

Joseph R. DesJardins, "An Employee's Right to Privacy", in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.

Thomas Donaldson, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY, Prentice-Hall, 1982, chapter 7.

David F. Linowes, "Is Business Giving Employees Privacy?", Business and Society Review, number 32, 1979-80. Reprinted in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.

David T. Lykken, "The case against the polygraph in employment screening," PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATOR, Sept. 1985. Reprinted in Donaldson and Werhance, 1986.

Richard A. Wasserstrom, "Privacy", in TODAY'S MORAL PROBLEMS, edited by Wasserstrom, 2nd edition (MacMillan, 1979). Reprinted in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.

The Privacy Protection Study Commission, "Privacy in the Employment Relation", in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.


(d) Trade Secrets and the duty of confidentiality:

American Law Institute, STATEMENT OF TORTS, no. 757, 1939.

Sissela Bok(1983), "Trade and corporate secrecy", in Beauchamp and Bowie(1983). Adapted from her book, SECRETS: ON THE ETHICS OF CONCEALMENT AND REVELATION, New York: Random House.

Gordon L. Doerfer, "The limits of trade secret law imposed by Federal Patent and Antitrust supremacy," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, 80, 1967, 1432-1462.

Roger M. Milgram, PROTECTING AND PROFITING FROM TRADE SECRETS, New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1979.

Roger M. Milgram, TRADE SECRETS, Matthew Bender, 1978.

Eric J. Novotny, WHO OWNS YOUR IDEAS? Module Series in Applied Ethics, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1980.

Russell B. Stevenson, CORPORATIONS AND INFORMATION: SECRECY, ACCESS AND DISCLOSURE, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.


(e) Whistle blowing and Resignation:

Marcia Baron, THE MORAL STATUS OF LOYALTY, Module Series in Applied Ethics, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1984.

Phillip Blumberg, "Corporate Responsibility and the Employee's Duty of Loyalty and Obedience: a Preliminary Inquiry", OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEW, volume 24, 1971. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie.

Sissela Bok, "Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility", NEW YORK UNIVERSITY EDUCATION QUARTERLY, vol. 4, 1980. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie, 1983.

Sissela Bok(1983), "Trade and corporate secrecy", in Beauchamp and Bowie(1983). Adapted from her book, SECRETS: ON THE ETHICS OF CONCEALMENT AND REVELATION, New York: Random House.

Norman Bowie, BUSINESS ETHICS, Prentice-Hall, 1982, chapter 7.

James Bowman, et al., PROFESSIONAL DISSENT, Garland, 1983.

Richard DeGeorge, BUSINESS ETHICS, Macmillan, 1982, chapter 9, "Workers' rights, obedience, and whistle blowing."

Ronald Duska (1983), "Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty", in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.

Frederick Elliston, "Anonymity and whistleblowing," JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, 1, 1982. Reprinted in Poff and Waluchow.

Frederick Elliston, "Anonymous whistleblowing: a conceptual and ethical analysis," BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS JOURNAL, 1, 1982.

Frederick Elliston, et al., editors, WHISTLEBLOWING AND WHISTEBLOWING RESEARCH, 2 volumes, Praeger, 1985.

Albert L. Hirschman, EXIT, VOICE AND LOYALTY, Harvard University Press, 1970.

Gene G. James, "In defense of Whistleblowing", in BUSINESS ETHICS: READING ANS CASES IN CORPORATE MORALITY, edited by W. Michael Hoffman and Jennifer Mills Moore, McGraw-Hill, 1983. Reprinted in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.

John Ladd, "Loyalty," in Paul Edwards, editor, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY, Free Press, 1967.

John J. McCall, "Strategies for Protecting Whistleblowers", in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS, edited by Joseph R. DesJardins and John J. McCall. Wadsworth, 1985.

Ralph Nader, Peter J. Petkas, and Kate Blackwell, editors, WHISTLE BLOWING: THE REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE ON PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY, Grossman, 1972.

Charles Peters and Taylor Branch, BLOWING THE WHISTLE: DISSENT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST, Pineger, 1972.

James C. Peterson and Dan Farrell, WHISTLEBLOWING, Module Series in Applied Ethics, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1985.

K. Walters, "Your employees' right to blow the whistle," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, 53, 1975, 26ff.

Edward Weisband and Thomas M. Frank, RESIGNATION IN PROTEST, Grossman, 1975.

Alan F. Westin(1981), "What can and should be done to protect whistle blowers in industry", in his WHISTLE BLOWING! LOYALTY AND DISSENT IN THE CORPORATION, New York: McGraw-Hill. Reprinted in Beauchamp and Bowie(1983).