SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS OF (ENGLISH)

SOCCER HOOLIGANISM

1. Title: The Ritual of Teenage Aggro (Psychology)

Exemplars: Peter Marsh, Elizabeth Rosser, Rom Harré (Oxford School)

Key Issues: Psychology, male bonding (Lionel Tiger, 1969, Men In Groups), Ethogenic method, Oxford United FC, FH as adaptation to w/c environment and socially 'useful' activity, cathartic aggro ritual.

Strengths: Ritualistic aspects, methodology, "functions" of aggro/violence.

Weaknesses: ‘Real’ violence, ‘ethogenic’ method, catharsis/inhibition vs. disinhibition, ahistorical.

Main sources:

Marsh, P. (1982). Aggro: The illusion of violence. Oxford: Blackwell.

Marsh, P. and A. Campbell (eds.). (1982). Aggression and violence. Oxford: Blackwell.

Marsh, P., E. Rosser and R. Harré. (1978). The rules of disorder. London: Routledge.

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2. Title: Soccer Consciousness & Soccer Subculture, & ‘Little England’ thesis

(Marxist Social Deprivation Approach)

Exemplars: Ian Taylor

Key Issues:

(a) FH rooted in post-war socio-cultural changes: (i) in game per se (internationalization, bougeoisification), (ii) in relationship between fans and game, FH 'done' by members of 'subcultural rump’

(b) Crisis of British state, 1980s Thatcherism effects, jingoism, xenophobia, structural differentiation

Strengths: People's game, effects of cultural dislocation, national identity and social class.

Weaknesses: Historicity, ‘Participatory Democracy’, outdated, w/c involvement?

Main sources:

Taylor, I. (1971). Soccer consciousness and soccer hooliganism. S. Cohen (ed.), Images of deviance. New York: Penguin, 134-165.

Taylor, I. (1982a). On the sports violence question: Soccer hooliganism revisited. J. Hargreaves (ed.), Sport, culture and ideology. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 152-197.

Taylor, I. (1982b). Class, violence and sport: The case of soccer hooliganism in Britain. H. Cantelon and R. Gruneau (eds.), Sport, culture and the modern state. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 39-97.

Taylor, I. (1987). Putting the boot into a working-class sport: British soccer after Bradford and Brussels. Sociology of Sport Journal, 4, 171-191.

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3. Title Theories of Working Class Subcultures (Marxist/Cultural Studies)

Exemplars: See a and b

Key Issues:

(a) w/c cultural experiences, FH as result of changing relation of fans to game in post war, adolescent subcultures and post-war consumption (John Clarke, Chas Critcher, Stuart Hall -- Birmingham School)

(b) football, popular culture, youth, style (John Williams, Steve Redhead, Richard Giulianotti)

Strengths: structurally (class) sensitive approach, ethnographic detail (b), style and popular culture (b)

Weaknesses: empirical evidence of FH as response to ‘destabilized’ w/c traditions/values (a)?

Main Sources:

Clarke, J. (1978). Football and working-class fans: Tradition and change. R. Ingham (ed.), Football hooliganism: The wider context. London: Inter-Action Inprint.

Critcher, C. (1979). Football since the war. J. Clarke (ed.). Working class culture. London: Hutchinson, 161-184.

Giulianotti, R. (1994). Social identity and public order: Political and academic discourses on football violence. R. Giulianotti, N. Bonney and M. Hepworth (eds.), Football, violence and social identity. London: Routledge, 10-37.

Giulianotti, R. (1994). Taking liberties: Hibs casuals and Scottish law. R. Giulianotti, N. Bonney and M. Hepworth (eds.), Football, violence and social identity. London: Routledge, 229-262.

Redhead, S. (1986). Sing when you're winning. London: Pluto.

Williams, J. (1991). Having an Away Day: English football spectators and the hooligan debate. J. Williams and S. Wagg (eds.), British football and social change: Getting into Europe.

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4. Title: Social Roots of Football Hooliganism (Figurational Approach)

Exemplars: University of Leicester (Eric Dunning, John Williams, Patrick Murphy, Joe Maguire)

Key Issues: Socio-genesis of FH, FH's from ‘roughest sectors’ of w/c, class culture sets conditions for aggro by young men, w/c youth express identity physically, fans fight on behalf of community (local and global), 'Bedouin Syndrome’, history of FH, empirical methods.

Strengths: Empirical validity, historicity/periodicity - Elias' CP, w/c culture, gender, policy.

Weaknesses: Inflation of earlier phases?, class origins, periodicity?

Main Sources:

Dunning, E. (1994). The social roots of football hooliganism: A reply to the critics of the 'Leicester School'. R. Giulianotti, N. Bonney and M. Hepworth (eds.), Football, violence and social identity. London: Routledge, 128-158.

Dunning, E. (1999). Sport matters: Sociological studies of sport, violence and civilization. London: Routledge.

Dunning, E., J. Maguire, P. Murphy, and J. Williams. Football hooliganism in Britain before the first World War. (1984a). International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 19, 215-239.

Dunning, E., P. Murphy, and J. Williams. (1988). The roots of football hooliganism: An historical and sociological study. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Williams, J., E. Dunning and P. Murphy. (1984). Hooligans abroad: The behaviour and control of English fans in continental Europe. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

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5. Media Research (media role in sports violence)

Exemplars:

Whannel, G. (1979). Football crowd behavior and the press. Media, culture and society, 1, 327-342.

Hall, S. (1978). The treatment of football hooliganism in the press. R. Ingham (ed.), Football hooliganism: The wider context. London: Inter-Action Inprint, 15-37.

Young, K.M. (1986). The killing field: Themes in mass media responses to the Heysel stadium riot. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 21, 253-264.

Young, K.M. (1988). Sports crowd disorder, mass media and ideology. Ph.D. Dissertation, McMaster University, Ontario.

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6. Mainstream Theories of Collective Behaviour

E.g., Contagion, Convergence, Decision/Gaming, Emergent Norm, Value Added, Catharsis

Main Sources:

Smith, M.D. (1983). Violence and sport. Toronto: Butterworths.

Young, K.M. (1991a). Sport and collective violence. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, 19, 539-587.

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7. ‘Populist’ and ‘Insider’ accounts of Football and Football Hooliganism

Buford, B. (1992). Among the thugs. London: Mandarin.

Hornby, N. (1992). Fever pitch: A fan's life: London: Victor Gollancz.

Ward, C. (1996). All Quiet on the Hooligan Front. Headline.

Brimson, E. & D. (1996). Everwhere We Go: Behind the Matchday Madness. Headline.