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"Attempted Suicide" Incidences/Risks Suicidality Studies From 1970 to 2011 |
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Suicidality Studies Index: All Studies (This Page): The Index. - All Random & Special Sample Studies. - All American & Canadian Studies. - All European Studies.
- Transgender Studies.
- The Results of Additional School-Based North American Youth Risk Behavior
Surveys or Similar Surveys - Random Sampling - are Located on Another Page. Other Pages: Homosexually Oriented People Are Generally at Greater Risk for the More Serious Suicidal Behaviors. - An Expanded Homosexuality Factor in Adolescent Suicide. - "Attempting Suicide" as Related To Gender Nonconformity & Transgender Issues. - Bell & Weinberg (1978) Homosexualities Study: "Attempted Suicide" Study Results.This page contain
the results of about 150 studies
(+/- 115 published in peer reviewed
journals) that have reported "attempted suicide" incidences for varying
sample of sexual minority individuals most often described or
self-described (may be self-identified) as Gay (G),
Lesbian (L), Bisexual (B), Transgender (TG), Homosexual, Predominantly
Homosexual, Homosexual/Bisexual, Same-Sex Attracted, Same-Sex
Romantically Attracted, MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men), WSW (Women Who
Have Sex With Women), and Same-Sex Sexually Active (Same-Sex Sex). Some
"Self-Harm" or "Self-Injury" study results are also reported. Risk
Ratios (RRs) or Odds Ratios (ORs) were produced - if they were not given by study authors - when Heterosexual or
Predominantly Heterosexual individuals were also a part of a study and sufficient data was available to do calculations. As
a rule, homosexually oriented people have been at higher risk for
attempting suicide, compared to their heterosexual counterparts, and
more so for males. Transgender people - and other
gender nonconforming people in other categories - may be at the highest
risk for having attempted suicide. Study Samples have been non-random (convenience samples, or others that are quite large and representative) or random.To.... The Alerts!Qin P, Agerbo
E, Mortensen PB (2003). Suicide
risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic,
psychiatric,
and familial factors: a national register-based
study of
all suicides in Denmark, 1981-1997.
American Journal
of Psychiatry, 160(4): 765-72. (Abstract) (Full Text) - "...registered
[same-sex] partners included as a separate
category
in the analysis had an odds ratio of 4.31 (95% CI=
2.23–8.36) in the crude analysis and 3.63 (95% CI=1.71– 7.67) in
analyses with adjustment for other factors in the
full model
[for having committed suicide compared to
opposite-sex
married couples]". Note:
This is a First-Time Research Result! See: Frisch M, Bronnum-Hansen H (2009).
Mortality among men and women in same-sex marriage: a national cohort
study of 8333 Danes. American Journal of Public Health, 99(1): 133-7. Abstract. After 1995, higher risk of death in same-sex marriages occur in first 3 year of the marriage. Note:
The paper does not mention the Qin et al (2003) suicide results
(above), and suicide is only mentioned as possibly being implicated in the higher
risk of death for same-sex couples.
A CDC 2011 study of all Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 2001 to 2009 - with sexual orientation information - produced results that indicate, as a rule, that gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents are more likely at the greatest risk, compared to their heterosexual counterparts, to report having received medical care as a result of having attempted suicide in the past year. A Report of Study Results.
Review Papers & Meta-Analyses: GLB Suicidality & Mental Health
| Categories |
Random |
Non-Random |
Non-Random |
| American |
Adolescents in Schools: 1, 2, 3 A - A4 |
Youth / Adults 1970-1983 B 1987-1991 B-1 |
Youth / Adults 1993-1999 2000-2009 C - C5 |
| American |
Youth/Adult - University Students D-D5 |
Adults 1994-2011 E - E3 |
Dissertation Studies F - F2 |
| North American |
Adults G |
--- |
--- |
| Canada |
Adolescents in School: 1, 2 Adults 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Youth |
AIDS/HIV Male Cohorts |
| UK/Ireland |
--- |
Youth/Adults (England/Scotland) H Youth/Adult (Ireland) |
--- |
| Europe |
Youth/Adults I - I2 |
Youth/Adults J -J3 |
France K Austria L-L1 |
| Australia New Zealand |
Adolescents N-N3 Adults Australia N-7 |
NZ Birth Cohort M Youth/Adullts M-7 |
--- |
| Japan, Mexico & South Africa |
-- |
Youth/Adults | -- |
| World Special Samples |
--- |
USA Twin Study NZ Birth Cohort / - USA Longitudinal: School O - O3 |
--- |
| Colorado, USA |
Three Studies |
Three Studies |
--- |
| Selected "At Risk" Populations |
Psychiatric Patients Transsexual People |
Street Youth: USA / Canada / UK: 1991-2006 |
Transgender P -P7 |
|
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Alert! There
was a time, not long ago, when those in the 'helping' professions,
including 'mental help' professionals, would have been best described
as 'professionals' who were only seeking to help heterosexual people,
with a major focus being on harming, as much as possible,
non-heterosexual people such as gay, lesbian, bisexual individuals. This was done, for example, when 'mental
health' professionals had decreed that homosexual individuals were all
mentally disordered and were to be treated (harmed) accordingly.
However, even if this 'mental disorder decree for homosexual people'
was removed from the American DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) in 1973, the ICD (The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) in 1992, with China having done the same only in 2003 (Mental Disorder Redefined, Homosexuality Excluded),
these outcomes did not mean that 'mental health' 'professionals' would
suddenly / 'magically' become knowledgeable of homosexually oriented people and begin
helping. As with racist groups, heterosexist and
homophobic groups may take generations to end their abuses of the hated
ones, with ongoing more insidious ways developed to continue harming
the hated ones. For example, by 1994, ignoring sexual minority issues
in American psychology and psychiatry research was the rule as
illustrated in a paper titled “"I only read about
myself on bathroom walls": the need for research on the mental health of
lesbians and gay men” (Rothblum, 1994).
By the late 1990s and the early 2000s, the same neglect had been
reported in family therapy, psychology, community psychology and social
work, as reported here
(must scroll). The ongoing inherently harming ways of many / most(?)
'mental health' professionals - as related to sexual minority clients -
was documented in New Zealand (Semp, 2006, 2007), and the same is likely happening throughout the western world.Rothblum ED (1994). "I only read about myself on bathroom walls": the need for research on the mental health of lesbians and gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 213-20. (PubMed Abstract) Full Text.
Semp, David (2007). A Public Silence: Sexual Orientation and Mental Health Services. Presentation, Mental Health Awareness Week, 2007: Mental Health Foundation of New Zealand. Word Download.
Semp, David (2006). A public silence : discursive practices surrounding homosexuality. PhD Thesis. The University of Auckland. Download Page. PDF Download: Front Pages. PDF Download: Whole Document.
Alert! Statistics New Zealand. (2008). Considering Sexual Orientation as a Potential Official Statistic: Discussion paper. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. PDF Download - Download Page - Related.
Sexual minority children, youth and adults are often at high risk for
experiencing or having experienced a number of problems, including very
serious ones such as having been abused, bullied and assaulted in
schools and in their communities - including in their families (Corliss
et al., 2002) - and experiencing related suicidality (Ryan et al., 2009).
However, the majority of school surveys that inquire about youth health
and problems do not solicit sexual orientation information (or the
often related gender nonconformity information), thus avoiding to
produce study results that would highlight sexual minority individuals
to be at risk. As a result, related issues continue to be ignored as
sexual minority students continue to be abused, silenced, harmed and
ignored (to death? 1, 2, 3: must scroll,
p. 23). Furthermore, almost all suicidality studies carried out in
North America or elsewhere continue to exclude sexual orientation
measures with few realizing that such omissions should be perceived as
highly harmful unprofessional and unethical highly harmful conduct.
Unfortunately, the AAS (American Association of Suicidology) has not forcefully spoken to this issue and its official publication - Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
- has not implemented policies such as maybe refusing to publish suicidality
studies that have not included "sexual orientation" measures,
especially in youth and young adult studies. Tragically, the CDC also continues to make available an official version of The Youth Risk Behavior Survey
that does not include "sexual orientation" measures, in spite of the
fact that many adolescent school surveys in the past 14 years have
revealed sexual orientation measures to be not only predictive of
general suicidal behaviors (and related problems), but also to more
strongly predict the most serious life-threatening suicidal
behaviors... beginning in early adolescence. It is therefore not surprising that even the most academically successful
sexual minority youth - university students - are likely to also be at greater risk
for suicidality and related problems, compared to their heterosexual counterparts, with
even greater risk maybe/likely existing for the lesser educated young adults
who have been much neglected in suicidality research. To date, the highest
suicidality risk has been reported for American sexual minority street
youth who form about 20% of the street youth population. Their lifetime
attempted suicide incidence is 62% (van Leeuwen et al., 2006). A special web page
has been constructed for the studies related to the suicidality of
street and homeless youth with a focus on the overrepresentation of
both aboriginal and sexual minority individuals in these populations. Note:
Nothing is known about suicidality issues for middle age to elder
sexual sexual minority individuals because suicidality researchers have
not included sexual minority measures in their studies. Alert! Hatzenbuehler et al (2009)
tested and retested (7 months later, same school year) Grade 6 to 8
mostly non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino students (68%) from 2 low
SES middle schools in central Connecticut. On the following - Children’s
Depression Inventory (CDI), Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children
(MASC), Children’s Response Styles Questionnaire (CRSQ, Rumination Subscale), and Emotion Expression Scale for Children (EESC, Poor Emotional Awareness Subscale) - the 29 same-sex romantically attracted children scored higher (p < 0.05 to p <
.01) than heterosexual students (n = 1042 at
Time-1, and 825 at Time-2). Therefore, factors that may increase the
risk for suicidality are higher for sexual minority children at a young
age, this likely being implicated in their reported higher risk for
suicidality from Grade 7 to 12 in other mostly random American studies.
Little has been done to end the generally highly heterosexist,
homophobic and homohating(?) nature of public or private K-12 schools
where the word "gay" - as in "So Gay!" - has 'evolved' to designate
anyone who is lacking in all ways, including intelligence (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, How 'gay' became children's insult of choice,
BBC). "At risk" sexual minority children can expect little in term of
help from teachers or school psychologists on the personal level and,
especially, with respecting to changing the "traditional" nature of
schools that have been highly harming and abusing of sexual minority children and youth. The North American Public School Situation: Gay teens 'terrorized' in Canada's schools N/A (2009, Study). Related: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.. - 2007 National School Climate Survey: Nearly 9 out of 10 LGBT Students Harassed.Potter L, Silverman M, Connorton E, Posner M, Suicide Prevention Resource Center (2004). Promoting mental health and preventing suicide in college and university settings. Newton, MA: Education Development Center, Inc. Download: http://www.sprc.org/library/college_sp_whitepaper.pdf."Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Students: ... There is no concrete information about suicide rates among gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) college students and little to no information about efforts to promote their mental health or prevent suicide. There is even less information about the behavior and needs of transgender students, though we can assume they face somewhat similar risks...GLB students who transition from high school to higher education may bring some of the same suicidal behavior to their new environment. One study attempted to measure the suicidal risk among a small sample of GLB college students compared with a sample of their heterosexual peers (Westefeld, Maples, Buford, & Taylor, 2001). Researchers administered a paper and pencil assessment of suicidal risk called the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory (CSRLI). GLB students were more depressed, lonelier, and had fewer reasons for living than a control group of their peers, and depression and loneliness correlated positively with suicidal tendencies. In addition, GLB students in this study experienced prejudice and related issues (Westefeld et al., 2001). Many campuses are increasingly open to and supportive of inclusion of GLBT students, but homophobia remains a problem..."
Note: In 2004 (and to 2010), this was the best that the authors had to offer about the suicidality situation for GLBT young adults in American universities. Without doubt, suicidology researchers had been almost completely indifferent or even neglectful of the welfare of GLBT students by not ever producing research that would reveal whether or not GLBT students were - or were not - more at risk for attempting suicide than their heterosexual counterparts... as it was the case for GLBT adolescents in schools. Yet, there were many data sets available - that solicited both sexual orientation and suicidality/depression information - from which this possibility could have been explored. For example, from 2000 to 2008, the American College Health Association produced 18 data sets (2 per year) known as the National College Health Assessment surveys (ACHA-NCHA), but only the 2000 Spring Survey was reported on in 2005 (Leino & Kisch, 2005; Kisch et al., 2005) with associated GLBT information. However, nothing was reported about GLBT students being at risk for attempting suicide, even if only a trend existed given the possible low counts, by maybe a "risk" factor of "6" as one NYU report notes for the 2003 Spring Survey. Nonetheless, not being heterosexual was the second largest independent predictor (OR = 2.6) for university students having seriously considered suicide in the past year (1999-2000). Interestingly, many NCHA data sets have the counts required to do a GLBT "Attempted Suicide in the Past Year" analysis but all ACHA-NCHA Survey data reports do not mention possible "at risk" GLBT status so that, for example, if they are "at risk," initiatives to help GLB students could be implemented. Massachusetts, for example, does report the GLB "at risk" status when reporting the results of Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (2007: 4.4 times the risk for having attempted suicide in the past year). The same was done in Rhode Island (2007: GLBU students, 4.4 times the risk for having attempted suicide in the past year) and in Washington DC (2007 N/A: GLB students, 3.8 times the risk for having attempted suicide in the past year). Others have made the results available for others to disseminate and make public as it was done in Chicago (2005, GLB students, 3-4 times the risk for having attempted suicide in the past year) and in Vermont (2007: GLB students, 7 times the risk for having attempted suicide in the past year, with the results for 2005 also given: GLBQ students, 5 times the risk for having attempted suicide in the past year). In 2007, from another survey carried out at two universities in 2005 (Survey of College Mental Health and Well Being), Whitlock & Knox (2007) reported GLB students to be 4 times more at risk for a lifetime suicide attempt. Gay/lesbian, bisexual and questioning students also had, separately and as a group, the highest associations between lifetime self-injury and suicidality. The small-scale university classroom survey of males by Savin-Williams (2001) reported that about 50% of males were non-heterosexual, that 83% of males (5/6) reporting a true suicide attempt were non-heterosexual, and that the 3 males for whom medical care was associated with the suicide attempt were also non-heterosexual. The Murphy (2007) dissertation study highlighted the possibility that, in American universities, a high risk group for current suicidality - usually ignored by researchers - identify as "heterosexual" but also report some same-sex attraction or sexual behavior. All who report GLBT results from the ACHA-NCHA-like surveys - that solicits only "identity" sexual orientation information - should caveat their results accordingly. In the Murphy (2007) study, 50% (5/10) of the females who had attempted suicide in the past year were non-heterosexual and the two male suicide attempters were non-heterosexual.
Compared to Heterosexual Students, Gay/Lesbian Students Were at the Highest Risk for Having Attempted Suicide in the Past Year: OR (Odds Ratio): 4.6 (4.4% Incidence), Followed by a 3.7 OR for Bisexual Students (3.6%) and a 2.7 OR for those Unsure of Their Sexual Orientation (2.7%). One Percent (1.0%) of Heterosexual Students Reported Having Attempted Suicide in the Past Year: 2008/2009. Note: Sexual minority students accounted for about one in five university students (19.3%) attempting suicide in 2008/2009. This result replicates the 20% reported in the 4-year longitudinal "College Life Study" of American undergraduate students. [University students, however, are a special population originating from high school populations where sexual minority students were likely even "more at risk" compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This is reflected, for example, in the Rhode Island 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey results: sexual minority adolescents in varied ethic-'race' / sex categories accounted for 25% to 46% of suicide attempters in the same category. In the white category, sexual minority students accounted for 40.7% of white adolescents who attempted suicide during a one-year period.]
This "20%" proportion, however, is lower that the proportion of the total suicide attempters associated with sexual minority adolescents still in high school where "more at risk" sexual minority adolescents are likely located. In the Rhode Island 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, for example, sexual minority adolescents in varied ethic-'race' / sex categories accounted for 25% to 46% of suicide attempters in varied categories. In the white category, sexual minority students accounted for 40.7% of suicide attempters in a one-year period."
Compared to Heterosexual Students, Bisexual Students Were at the Highest Risk for Having Attempted Suicide in their Lifetime: OR: 4.8 (25.3% Incidence) Followed by a 3.1 OR for Gay/Lesbian Students (18.0%) and a 2.2 OR for those Unsure of Their Sexual Orientation (13.6%). 6.6% of Heterosexual Students Reported Having Attempted Suicide in Their Lifetime. Note: The 3.1 OR for gay/lesbian students having attempted suicide in their lifetime somewhat replicates the 4.2 OR Reported by Whitlock & Knox (2007, university student sample) for gay/lesbian students.
"In the Past Year, 2008/2009, American Gay/Lesbian" Students Were the Most Likely to Attempted for the First Time in 2009 (24.4% of Lifetime GL suicide attempters), Followed by "Unsure" Students (19.8% of lifetime suicide attempters in the category) and About Equal Percentages for "Bisexual" (14.6% of lifetime Bisexual suicide attempters) and "Heterosexual" Students (15.1% of lifetime Heterosexual suicide attempters).
Comment: Given that the average student in the 2009 ACHA-NCHA study sample would have been at university for at least two years, it is likely that more that 25% of gay/lesbian lifetime suicide attempters attempted suicide "for the first time" only after they had enrolled in a university. This "attempted suicide" incidence has been reported to be high for sexual minority high school students (Youth Risk Behavior or similar surveys: Some results are given on this webpage), but significant numbers of sexual minority students maintaining high enough grade scores to permit them to go to universities will only attempt suicide for the first time after the arrive at university. Other high school sexual minority adolescents would likely not have the grades to permit them to go to a university, with their numbers being greatly overrepresented, for example, in the homeless population (See: Corliss HL, Goodenow CS, Nichols L, Austin SB (2011). High burden of homelessness among sexual-minority adolescents: findings from a representative Massachusetts high school sample. American Journal of Public Health, 101(9): 1683-9. Abstract. "Approximately 25% of lesbian/gay, 15% of bisexual, and 3% of exclusively heterosexual Massachusetts public high school students were homeless. Sexual-minority males and females had odds of reporting current homelessness that was between 4 and 13 times that of their exclusively heterosexual peers. Sexual-minority youths' greater likelihood of being homeless was driven by their increased risk of living separately from their parents or guardians..."). See: More on the overrepresentation of sexual minority youth in street youth populations and their high attempted suicide incidences.) See an important caveat for the suicidality part of this study written immediately above "The 2011 University GLB Student Alert" section.
Compared to Heterosexual Students, Bisexual Students Were at the Highest Risk for Deliberate Self-Injury in the Past Year: OR (Odds Ratio): 4.5 (17.1% Incidence), Followed by a 4.2 OR for Gay/Lesbian Students (16.3%) and a 3.7 OR for those Unsure of Their Sexual Orientation (14.7%). 4.4% of Heterosexual Students Reported Having Deliberately Self-Injured in the Past Year: 2008/2009. Note: Sexual minority students accounted for about one in five university students (19.7%) engaging in deliberate self-injury in 2008/2009. This result replicates the 21.3% reported in the 4-year longitudinal "College Life Study" of American undergraduate students.
Compared to Heterosexual Students, Bisexual Students Were at the Highest Risk for Deliberate Self-Injury in their Lifetime: OR: 4.7 (44.8% Incidence) Followed by a 2.6 OR for both Gay/Lesbian Students (31.4%) and Those Unsure of Their Sexual Orientation (31.4%). 14.8% of Heterosexual Students Reported Having Deliberately Self-Injured in Their Lifetime. Note: Whitlock & Knox (2007, university student sample) reported lifetime deliberate self-injury ORs to be 4.5 (45.2% incidence) for bisexual students, 2.8 (34.2% incidence) for students "questioning" their sexual orientation, and 1.3 (not statistically significant, 19.0% incidence) for gay/lesbian students.
"In the Past Year, 2008/2009, American Gay/Lesbian" Students Were the Most Likely to Have Deliberately Self-Injured for the First Time (51.9% of them), Followed by "Unsure" Students (46.8% of them), "Bisexual" Students (38.2% of them), and "Heterosexual" Students (29.7% of them).
Comment: Given that the average student in the 2009 ACHA-NCHA study sample would have been at university for at least two years, it is likely that more that 51.9% of gay/lesbian self-injurers deliberately self-injured "for the first time" only after they had enrolled in a university. Therefore, it can be suggested that the great majority of gay/lesbian students in universities began engaging in deliberate self-injury only after they enrolled in university. The same would apply for students unsure about their sexual orientation.
Malley E, Posner M, Potter L, Suicide Prevention Resource Center (2008). Suicide
risk and prevention for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth.
Newton, MA: Education Development Center, Inc. Prepared by the Suicide
Prevention Resource Center for the Center for Mental Health Services
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. Download: http://www.sprc.org/library/SPRC_LGBT_Youth.pdf."The majority of literature reviews on LGB suicide attempts conclude that LGB youth have a significantly higher rate of attempting suicide than heterosexual youth. Furthermore, most suicide attempts among LGB people occur during adolescence and young adulthood (Kulkin, Chauvin, & Percle, 2000; Proctor & Groze, 1994; Remafedi et al., 1991). (The same holds true for people of all sexual orientations; national hospital data show self-harm rates are highest for youth age 15 through 19 years old (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007))."Alert! It is sometimes believed that, compared to heterosexual individuals, sexual minority individuals are only more at risk for attempting suicide only during adolescence. However, a New Zealand birth cohort study reports that their "higher risk" for attempting suicide continues to exist between the ages of 21 to 26 years, at least for sexual minority males (Skegg et al., 2003), with a re-analysis by Fergusson et al. (2005) indicating that the higher risk applies for both sexual minority males and females. In the United States, for young adults ranging in age from 18 to 26 years in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Silenzio et al. (2007) reports that sexual minority males and females have remained more at risk for having attempted suicide in the past year, compared to their heterosexual counterpart (includes those reporting to be predominantly heterosexual): OR = 1.4<3.0<6.2, controlling for race, gender, and age. During adolescence for the same sample, Russell & Joyner (2001) report the "greater risk" factor to have been - OR = 2.48 (1.7, 3.6) - for sexual minority females, with an OR = 2.45 (1.5, 3.9) for sexual minority males, controlling for demographic factors.
"To date, psychological autopsy studies that have examined sexual orientation have used relatively small samples and have identified very few suicide decedents as having minority sexual orientation. In the New York study, 3 of 120 adolescent suicide decedents and none of a similar number of living community control subjects with whom the suicide victims were compared, were found to have a same-sex orientation (Shaffer et al., 1995). The Quebec study similarly identified same-sex orientation in 4 of 55 suicide adolescent suicide victims and none of the community control subjects (Renaud et al., 2010). Minority sexual orientation may have been underreported by key informants in these studies because they were not aware of, or chose to withhold this information (Renaud et al., 2010). In any case, conclusions based on the small numbers reported must be regarded as tentative."
In their conclusion, Shaffer et al. (1995) state: "This study shows a slight, but not significantly, higher rate of homosexual experience among teen suicides than controls." Renault et al. (2010) conclude with: "Our sample did not find same-sex sexual orientation and gender identity issues to be more prevalent among youth who die by suicide, ..." In both cases, statistical non-significance, as in p = or > 0.05 is deemed to mean: 'there is no difference' - or there is 'little difference' between the two groups. Concerning this, Gelman & Stern (2006) state: "As well, introductory courses regularly warn students about the perils of strict adherence to a particular threshold such as the 5% significance level. Similarly, most statisticians and many practitioners are familiar with the notion that automatic use of a binary significant/ nonsignificant decision rule encourages practitioners to ignore potentially important observed differences."
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: The Cutting Edge: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence (By Janis Whitlock):
"Indeed, the only demographic variable to be significantly linked to
NSSI is sexual orientation. Sexual minorities appear to be at higher
risk than their heterosexual peers. In fact, youth identifying as
bisexual or questioning have been shown to be at significantly elevated
risk for self-injury compared to both their heterosexual and homosexual
peers (Whitlock, Eckenrode, et al., 2006; Whitlock, Muehlenkamp, et al.,
2009). This is particularly true for females."Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Online Survey carried out by Finnbogason (2010)
for a Master Dissertation Study of 385 Canadian aged 19 to 29 years.
"The self-injury rate for the total sample (N = 385) was 40%. Of this,
rates reported in the queer sample (n = 230) are 47% and 28% in the
combined heterosexual sample (n = 155). This difference was
statistically significant as calculated using chi-square with a Yates
continuity correction; χ2 (1, n =385) = 12.60, p < .001, Φ = .19
(small effect size)." Queer Sample: Male Homosexual: n = 83
(22%), Male- Bisexual: n = 5 (1%), Female Homosexual: n = 80 (21%), Female Bisexual n = 40 (10%), Transgendered (female to male) all orientations combined: n = 5 (1%) vs. Heterosexual Sample: Male Heterosexual: n = 56 (15%), Female Heterosexual: n = 99 (26%).| "Attempted Suicide" Results: Published Studies 1970-1983 Homosexually Oriented Males and Females |
||||
| Study |
Sample GLB (n) |
Compa- rison Group (n) |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N), Odd Ratio (95% CI) |
p |
| Saghir et al., 1970a (F*) Adults: Homophile Organization Chicago & San Francisco |
57 Homo- Sexual |
43 Hetero- Sexual |
23% (13 / 57) vs. 5% (2 / 43) |
0.012 |
| Saghir et al., 1970b (M*) Adults: Homophile Organization Chicago & San Francisco |
85 Homo- Sexual |
35 Hetero- Sexual |
7% (6 / 85) vs. 0% (0 / 35) Note: 5 / 6 attempted before age of 20 years |
0.107 |
| Roesler & Deisher, 1972 (M) - Age = 16-22 Years: Clinical: 48% = previous psychiatric care |
60 Gay / Bisexual |
None | 31% |
-- |
| Bell & Weinberg, 1978 (M, F) Stratified Sampling: 1969, Bay Area, San Francisco Predominantly Homosexual & Predominantly Heterosexual Mean Ages = 26 to 36 Years Complete Tabulated Results |
575 (M) |
284 (M) |
White Males, Lifetime 18.3% (105 / 575 vs. 3.2% (9 / 284) OR = 6.8 (3.4, 13.7) |
0.000 |
| 111 (M) |
53 (M) |
Black Males; Lifetime 19.8% (22 / 111) vs. 1.9% (1 / 53) OR = 12.8 (1.7, 98.2) |
0.002 |
|
| 229 (F) |
101 (F) |
White Females, Lifetime 25.3% (58 / 229) vs. 9.9% (10 / 101) OR = 3.1 (1.5, 6.3) |
0.001 |
|
| 64 (F) |
38 (F) |
Black Females, Lifetime 17.2% (11 / 64) vs. 18.4% (7 / 38) |
0.874 | |
| 575 (M) |
284 (m) |
White Males: To Age 20 Years - 9.4% (54 / 575) vs. 0.7% (2 / 284) OR = 14.6 (3.5, 60.4) |
0.000 |
|
| Jay & Young, 1979 (M, F) Survey Questionnaire National USA |
+5,000 Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual |
None |
40% (M). 39% (F) Attempters + those who only seriously considered suicide. |
-- |
| Harry, 1983a, Using Bell & Weinberg, 1978. Sample Data (1969) |
Analysis of those who seriously considered suicide or attempted suicide (combined) as related to gender non- conformity (high/low rating, to age 17), sexual orientation, and loner status (high/low rating). |
|||
| * F = Female, M = Male |
||||
| "Attempted Suicide" Results: Published Studies 1987-1991 Homosexually Oriented Males and Females |
||||
| Study |
Sample GLB (n) |
Compa- rison Group (n) |
Attempted Suicide Incidences % (n / N) |
p |
| Remafedi, 1987 (M*) Age = 15-19 |
29 |
None |
34% |
-- |
| Bradford & Ryan, 1988, 1994. (F*) Adults: 1984-85 National Volunteer Sample |
1925 |
None |
All: 19%, White: 16% Latina: 28% Black: 27% |
-- |
| Martin & Hetrick, 1988. (M, F) Youth Receiving Social Services New York |
None |
21% |
-- |
|
| Uribe & Harbeck, 1992. (M) Gay High School Students (LA) |
37 |
None |
50% |
-- |
| Uribe & Harbeck, 1992. (F) Lesbian High School Students (LA) |
13 |
None |
23% |
-- |
| Schneider et al., 1989. (M) College & Community Gay Rap Groups (LA) |
106 |
None |
23% |
-- |
| Remafedi et al., 1991. Age = 14-21 Years: Volunteers: Gay Community. US Midwest & Pacific Northwest. - Additional Results. |
139 |
None |
30% 58% of attempts = moderate to low chance of rescuability. |
-- |
| * F = Female, M = Male |
||||
|
Gay And Bisexual Male Youth: Age 14 - 21 Years Remafedi, Farrow & Deisher (1991) |
|||
|
Categories |
|
Undifferentiated: 26% |
|
|
in Category |
(31/137) |
(42/137) / (35/137) |
(28/137) |
|
Percent Incidence |
(15/31) |
(23/77 = 30% ) 1 |
(3/28) 2, 3 |
|
Percent Incidence |
(38/108 = 35.2% ) |
(3/28) 4 |
|
| Bem Sex Role Inventory:
Feminine: High F, Low M scores- Masculine: Low F, High M scores
Androgynous High F & M scores - Undifferentiated: Low F & M scores Greater risk (95%
Confidence Intervals) for attempting suicide: 1. "Feminine" Category
vs. this Category - RR = .98<1.6<2.7 (χ2
= 3.3, p = .068); 2. "Feminine" Category vs. this Category - RR = 1.4<4.5<14.0
(χ2
= 9.8, p = .002); "Androgynous / Undifferentiated" Category vs. this Category
- RR = .91<2.8<8.6 (χ2
= 4.0, p = .044); 4. "Feminine / Androgynous / Undifferentiated" Category
vs. this Category - RR = 1.1<3.3<9.9 (χ2
= 6.3, p = .012). |
|||
| North American Lifetime "Attempted Suicide" Incidences Non-Random: GLB Community or GLB Services Homosexually Oriented Youth: 1993 - 1999 |
||||
| Study |
Sample Size (N) GLB |
Compa- rison Group |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Age |
| Hammelman (1993) |
48 28 (M*) 20 (F*) |
None |
29% (14 / 48) |
Iowa, USA: GLB Support Groups College / Community: 96% White Age = 15 - 32 Years |
| D'Augelli & Hershberger (1993) |
194 142 (M) 52 (F) |
None |
42% |
GLB Community Support Groups, USA - Canada Age: <= 21 Years |
| Proctor & Groze (1994) |
221 159 (M) 62 (F) |
None |
40.3% (89 / 221) |
GLB Community Groups USA, Canada Age <= 21 Years |
| Remafedi (1994) |
239 (M) |
None |
29.5% (70 / 237) |
GLB Community Sites, Appeals, Advertisements, Referrals. USA Age = 13 - 21 Years |
| Rotheram- Borus et al. (1994) |
132 (M) |
None |
39% (51 / 131) |
Hispanic: 51%, Black: 30%. White: 12%. Hetrick & Martin, New York GLB Service Organization: 1988-91 Age = 14 - 19 Years |
| Waldo et al. (1998) |
54 38 (M) 16 (F) |
None |
31.5% (17 / 54) |
US Rural University Setting Organizations / Events Age = 16 - 21 Years |
| Lehmann et al. (1998) |
53 (F) |
None |
27% |
Study Participants Contacted by Lesbian Organization: USA Age = 15 - 44 Years |
| Grossman & Kerner (1998) |
58 (M) |
None |
26% (15 / 58) |
Volunteers, 1995: New York Drop-In: Hetrick-Martin Institute. Mostly Black and Latino/a Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Identified Mean Age: 17.6 Years, 14 - 21 Years |
| 32 (F) |
None |
38% (12 / 38) |
||
| Safren & Heimberg (1999) |
56 29 (M) 27 (F) |
48 21 (M) 27 (F) |
30.9% (17 / 55) vs.12.5% (6 / 48) |
USA: After-School Education or Recreation; Job Training, YMCA Age = 16 - 21 Years, About 36% White All Attempters: OR = 3.1 (1.1, 8.8) Attempters With Intent to Die OR = 5.1 (1.1, 24.6) |
| 17.9% (10 / 55) vs. 4.2% (2 / 48) |
||||
| * M = Males - F = Females | ||||
| North American Lifetime "Attempted Suicide" Incidences Non-Random: GLB Community, GLB Services, Internet or Other. - Homosexually Oriented Youth: 2000 - 2011 |
||||
| Study |
Sample Size (N) GLB |
Compa- rison Group |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Age, Odd Ratio ((5%CI) - p |
| D'Augelli et al. (2001) |
350 (MF*) |
None |
34% Lifetime |
GLB Community Support Groups, USA - Canada Age: <= 21 Years |
| Savin- Williams (2001) |
83 (F) |
None |
17% (14 / 83) |
41% Lesbian: True Attempters See Table |
| 73 (F) 1 to 100% Homosexual |
79 (F) 100% Heterosexual |
10% (7 / 73) vs. 8% (6 / 79) |
University Students: See Table OR: 1.3 (0.41, 5.0), p = 0.661 |
|
| 52 (M) 1 to 100% Homosexual |
61 (M) 100% Heterosexual |
9%: (5 / 53) vs. 2% (1 / 61) |
University Students: See Table 6.2 (0.71, 6.9), p = 0.063 |
|
| D'Augelli (2002) |
542 336 (M) 206 (F) |
None |
37% 36% (M) 39% (F) Lifetime |
D'Augelli & Hershberger (1993) D'Augelli et al. (2001) Combined - 75% White Age = 15 - 21 Years |
| Remafedi (2002) |
254 (M) |
None |
33.5% (85 / 254) (4.7% in the Past Year) |
Volunteers:
Popular Gay Venues in Major metropolitan area: Minneapolis/St. Paul,
Minnesota. Criteria: Same-Sex Sex, Past Year. 85% White, 8.8% Black Age: 15 - 25 Years |
| Carragher & Rivers (2002) |
203 (M) | None |
18.7% (38 / 203) Lifetime |
American Volunteers: Gay Community Mean Age: 25.3 Years, 18 to 30 Years 97% With Some University Education (13%), in College (13%), or with One or More University Degree (71%) Carragher (1999) |
| Kephart (2003) |
33 (M) 19 (F) |
None |
36.5% Lifetime |
Volunteers from College GLBT Groups. Likely: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 88.5% Caucasian. Sexual Orientation Ratings from 1 (100% Homosexua) to 7 (100% Heterosexual): 1 (n =14, 26.9%), 2 (n =23, 44.2%), 3 (n=5, 9.6%), 4 (n=6, 11.5%), 5 (n=4, 7.7%). Age: 18 to 35 years, mean age: 21.4 years. |
| Rosario et al. (2005) |
156 (MF) 80 (M) 76 (F) |
None |
All: 35.3% (55 / 156) 17.9% (28 / 156) Med. Care |
Volunteers: 3 GLB Community & 2 GLB Student organizations: New York, 1993-95 Latino: 37%, Black: 35%, White: 22% Mean Age: 18.3 (SD: 1.6), 14-21 Years |
| D'Augelli et al. (2005) See Tabulated Results |
361 202 (M) 159 (F) |
None |
31.4% (166 / 528) True Attempts: 14.8% (78 / 528) |
Black (41%), Hispanic (29%), White (27%), New York GLB Service Organizations Age = 15 - 19 Years |
| Clatts et. al. (2005) Additional Results: - Race - - Sexual Orientation - - Suicidality - |
549 |
None | 33.4% Lifetime |
Sampling: Popular Gay Venues, New York 26.7% White: See Tabulated Information Mean Age: 21.7 (SD: 2.9), 17 to 28 Years |
| 320 |
None | 26.6% |
Never Homeless |
|
| 249 |
None | 42.2% | Ever Homeless |
|
| 166 |
None | 41.8% |
Previously Homeless |
|
| 83 |
None |
43.4% |
Presently Homeless |
|
| Walls et al. (2008) |
142 (MF) |
None |
57 / 142 40.1% Lifetime |
GLBT Youth Receiving Services at a Denver, Colorado GLBT Community Social Services Agency: "Rainbow Alley." Age Range: 14-21 Years, 82%: 16-19 Years. 29% White, 28% Bi/Multi-Racial, 20% Latino. |
| Moon et al. (2007) |
77: Only Same-Sex Partners |
None |
21 / 77 27.3% Lifetime |
Volunteers (1999 & 2001): Receiving services at the Richmond Organization for Sexual Minority Youth, Richmond, Virginia. Age Range: 14 to 21 Years Sexually Bisexual Youth are more at risk for attempting suicide, compared to Sexually Homosexual Youth: OR: 1.2<4.4<15.8 |
| 27 Both-Sex Partners |
None |
17 / 26 65.4% Lifetime |
||
| Kipke et al. (2007) |
526 (M) |
None |
All: 4% White: 4% Black: 5% Latino: 4% |
2005
Volunteer Venue Sample, Los Angeles, Age: 18 to 24 years. 95 (37%)
Caucasian, 126 (24%) African American, and 205 (39%) Latino YMSM of
Mexican descent. 74% Gay, 16% Bisexual. Attempted Suicide: Past year Speculated to not be "at risk" by comparing results with author generated national results for 18 year-old males in school: The CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Set. See Contested Conclusion in Table Below. |
| 526 (M) |
None |
All: 2% White: 1% Black: 2% Latino: 3% |
||
| Mustanski et al. (2010) |
246 GLBT |
None |
31%, Lifetime 6.5%, Past Year |
2007-08 non-random community sample of 246 ethnically diverse youths (57.3% African-American) aged 16 to 20 years living in the Chicago area: 90% GLB, 28% Bisexual, 49% Born Male, 8% Transgender. Survey Instrument: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) version 4.0. "First Time" use in study of GLBT adolescents. Additional Results: Table Below. |
| Outlaw et al. (2011) |
363 84% Gay / Homosexual, Bisexual Males |
None |
23% Lifetime 79 / [338 to 349?] |
Washington,
DC. Multisite Cohort recruited from 2006-2009 for a Cohort Study. All
HIV Positive. All Racial/Ethnic Minority. African American (67%), Latino
(21%), Multiravial (12%), N = 363. Mean age: 20.4 Years. Attempted Suicide Incidence if age of sexual debut was less than age of 16: 29% Attempted Suicide Incidence if age of sexual debut was at theage of 16 or older: 18% Data Intake: Interview Format |
| House, et al. (2011) Internet Sample |
Males n = 524 |
None |
17.7% Lifetime |
Males: Gay (n = 465), Bisexual (n = 42), Other (n = 17) Lifetime Self-Harm: 10.3% |
| Females n = 438 |
None |
26.7% Lifetime |
Females: Lesbian (n = 335), Bisexual (n = 91), Other (n= 12) Lifetime Self-Harm: 30.4% |
|
| Transgender n = 164 |
None |
34.8% Lifetime |
Transgender: Heterosexual (n = 42), Gay / Lesbian (n = 26), Bisexual (n= 65), Other (n = 31) Lifetime Self-Harm: 29.9% |
|
| Langhinrichsen- Rohling et al. (2011) |
Same-Sex n = 33 M/F 2.3% of Study Sample |
Opposite-Sex n = 1,212 M/F |
19% vs. 7% Lifetime * RR: 2.6 p = 0.029 |
Same-Sex Attraction: 39% Girls, 79& African American, 12% Caucasian Opposite-Sex Attraction: 48% Girls, 48% African American, 40% Caucasian |
| Both-Sex n = 167 M/F 12% of Study Sample |
Opposite-Sex n = 1,212 M/F |
23% vs. 7% Lifetime * RR: 3.2 p = 0.000 |
Both-Sex Attraction: 64% Girls, 48.5% African American, 36% Caucasian Note: Results also given on lifetime and recent suicidal ideation. * RR (Risk Ratios) and p-value (Fisher, 2-tailed) Calculated by Webpage Author from data derived from given percentages and n's, and calcukated n's. |
|
| Sample Composition:
"[R]ecruited from three locations that varied in their risk profile (a
socioeconomic and ethnically diverse urban high school, an Early Warning
Truancy Program for youth with excessive absences from school, and a
youth center that is the entry point for the juvenile justice system)
but were located within the same urban area." |
||||
| Fisher et al. (2011) |
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer N = 770 |
None |
All: 18.2%, Lifetime. Transgender: 37% Lowest Income: 40% Highest Income: 7% |
Nebraska: Omaha Metro (68%), Loncoln Metro (20%) & Surrounding Area (12%): 60% male, 37% Female, 3% 'Other', 12% Transgender. Ages: 19 to 70 years, most (64%) 19 to 39 years. Having attempting suicide not related to education, age, race / ethnicity, or geographic location, but related to income, gender (higher for females), and transgender status. |
| * M = Males - F = Females | ||||
| The Savin-Williams 2001 Study 1: Sexual Minority Women "Attempting Suicide" Criteria * |
|||
| Categories |
University Students n = 72 |
Community Support Groups n = 11 |
All N = 83 |
| % White |
90%: 65 / 72 ** |
64%: 7 / 11 |
86.7%: 72 / 83 |
| % Lesbian Identified |
35%: 23 / 72 |
82%: 8 / 11 |
41%: 31 / 83 |
| % Reporting Attempt(s) |
19%: 14 / 72 |
45%: 5 / 11 | 23%: 19 / 83 |
| % True Suicide Attempters |
12%: 9 / 72 |
45%: 5 / 11 | 17%: 14 / 83 |
| % False Suicide Attempters |
7%: 5 / 72 |
0.0%: 0 / 11 | 6%: 5 / 83 |
| % of Suicide Attempters = False |
38% : 5 / 14 |
0.0%: 0 / 5 | 26%: 5 / 19 |
| |||
| The Savin-Williams 2001 Study 2 Sexual Minority Female University Students "Attempting Suicide" Criteria * |
|||
| Categories |
Kinsey Rating 1 "1 to 7" n = 73 |
Kinsey Rating 1 "0" n = 79 |
Odd Ratios 2 (95%CI), p (Fisher Exact, 2-sided) |
| % Reporting Attempt(s) |
22%: 16 / 73 3 | 11%: 9 / 79 |
2.2 (0.83, 5.8) p = 0.124 [One-sided: p = 0.063] |
| % True Suicide Attempters |
10%: 7 / 73 |
8%: 6 / 79 |
1.3 (0.36, 4.6) p = 0.775 |
| % Suicide Attempters Medical Care Received |
3%: 2 / 73 |
3%: 2 / 79 |
1.1 (0.11, 11.1) p = 1.000 [One-sided: p = 0.660] |
| % False Suicide Attempters |
12%: 9 / 73 |
4%: 3 / 79 |
3.6 (0.94, 13.9) p = 0.071 [One-sided: p = 0.049] |
| % of Suicide Attempters = False |
56% : 9 / 16 |
33%: 3 / 9 |
2.6 (0.36, 20.1) p = 0.411 [One-sided: p = 0.248] |
Sample: USA Volunteers Taking Introductory University Courses (Human Development, Sexuality), Mean Age: 20.2 Years, 17 to 25 Years.*Criteria for Determining False Suicide Attempters: If their "Suicide Attempt(s) was described as one of the following: |
|||
| The Savin-Williams 2001 Study 2 Sexual Minority Male University Students "Attempting Suicide" Criteria * |
|||
| Categories |
Kinsey Rating 1 "1 to 7" n = 53 |
Kinsey Rating 1 "0" n = 61 |
Odd Ratios 2 (95%CI), p (Fisher Exact, 2-sided) |
| % Reporting Attempt(s) |
23%: 12 / 53 3 |
2%: 1 / 61 |
17.6 (2.2, 375.5) p = 0.001 |
| % True Suicide Attempters |
9%: 5 / 53 |
2%: 1 / 61 |
6.2 (0.67, 146.3) p = 0.095 [One-sided: p = 0.074] |
| % Suicide Attempters Medical Care Received |
6%: 3 / 53 |
0.0%: 0 / 61 |
p = 0.097 [One-sided: p = 0.097] |
| % False Suicide Attempters |
13%: 7 / 53 |
0.0%: 0 / 61 |
p = 0.004 |
| % of Suicide Attempters = False |
58% : 7 / 12 |
0.0%: 0 / 1 |
p = 0.462 [One-sided: p = 0.462] |
Sample: USA Volunteers Taking Introductory University Courses (Human Development, Sexuality), Mean Age: 20.2 Years, 17 to 25 Years.*Criteria for Determining False Suicide Attempters: If their "Suicide Attempt(s) was described as one of the following:Note: Given that 5 of the 6 true suicide attempters were non-heterosexual and that the 3 suicide attempters who received medical attention were all non-heterosexual males, this result should maybe have caused a major alert to be sounded at the counseling services of the university where the study sample was taken. |
|||
| Mustanski et al. (2010): GLBT Chicago Adolescents |
|||||
| Categories |
Attempted Suicide, Lifetime |
Possible Comparison: 1 Chicago Cohorts Age: 15-20 Years |
Attempted Suicide, Past Year |
Possible Comparison: 2 Chicago Cohorts Age: 15-20 Years |
Possible Comparison: 3 Chicago YRBS Age: Mostly 14-18 |
| All, N = 246 90% GLB Age: 16-20 Years |
31.0% |
Cohort 12: 2.9% Cohort 15: 6.4% Average: 4.6%, Lifetime |
6.5% |
Cohort 12: 1.5% Cohort 15: 1.1% Average: 1.3%, Past Year |
2003 & 2005 Chicago YRBS Average: 31%, Past Year |
| Born Male: 121 |
25.8% |
See: 4 |
3.3% |
||
| Born Female: 125 |
36.0% |
9.6% |
|||
| Transgender: 20 |
45.0% |
10.0% |
|||
| Lesbian/Gay: 151 |
34.0% |
7.3% |
|||
| Bisexual: 70 |
21.4% |
4.3% |
|||
| African-American: 141 |
31.2% |
6.4% |
|||
| White: 34 |
28.1% |
3.1% |
|||
| Latino/Latina: 28 |
32.1% |
7.1% |
|||
Mustanski et al (2010) Study: 2007-08 non-random community sample of 246 ethnically diverse youths aged 16 to 20 years. Survey Instrument: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) version 4.0.
|
|||||
| Suicidality of 2005 Venue Sampled Gay/Bisexual in Kipke et al. (2007) Study Comparison Issues/Problems With CDC's 2005 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey Results |
||
| Categories |
% Incidence Attempted Suicide, Past Year |
% Incidence, Attempted Suicide, Received Medical Attention, Past Year |
| Kipke et al. (2007) Results: Using YRBS Style Questions For 18 to 24-Year-Old Males |
20 / 526 = 3.8% Given as 4% 1 |
10 / 526 = 1.9% Given as 2% 1 |
| Kipke et al. Generated National YRBS Results, 2005: 18 Year-Old Part of Sample: N = 1046 |
56 / 1046 = 5.35 Given as 6% 2 |
16 / 1046 = 1.53% Given as 2% 2 |
| Note:
As stated by authors, it looks like GB males are not at greater risk
for suicidality, or they are at lesser risk, thus warranting further
investigation. The CDC does not generate and report YRBS results based
on age, but only based on high school grade level. On average, the
oldest male students - those closest in age to the males in the Kipke
et al. (2007) sample - would be in Grade 12. |
||
| CDC (2006) Results, 2005 YRBS, Males, Grade 9 |
6.8% |
2.1% |
| CDC (2006) Results, 2005 YRBS, Males, Grade 10 |
7.3% |
2.2% |
| CDC (2006) Results, 2005 YRBS, Males, Grade 11 | 4.5% |
1.4% |
| CDC (2006) Results, 2005 YRBS, Males, Grade 12 | 4.3% |
1.0% |
| CDC (2006) Results, 2005 YRBS, Males, Grades 9-12 | 6.0% |
1.8% |
| Note:
It appears like GB males, compared to Grade 12 males nationally,
may have twice the risk of an attempted suicide associated with having
received medical attention. Also: Why is the generated national
"attempted suicide" incidence for 18-year-old males by Kipke et al (2007)
almost as high as it is for males in grades 9 and 10? And almost 50%
higher than that generated by the CDC for males in grades 11 and 12 in
2005? |
||
| Note:
The CDC Grades 9-12 national male "attempted suicide" incidences are
obtained from widely varying results ranging from a high incidence of
12.7% in North Carolina, to a low of 2.8% in New Hampshire, and from a
high of 14.2% in a city such as New Orleans to a low of 2.1% in Los
Angeles, where the Kipke sample was taken. Thus explaining why
researchers should always compare their results with those of a similar
sample taken at least in the same city and also in the same year
(because changes often occur from year to year) with a similar survey
instrument! Or else, what will be concluded in terms of relative risk
will likely be meaningless, at best; or it may be manipulative, as in
maybe also being 'politically' motivated, at its worse. |
||
| CDC (2006) Results, 2005 YRBS, Males, Grade 9-12, Los Angeles |
2.1% |
1.2% |
| Not
Available, But 'Roughly' Estimated for Grades 11-12 Males in the Los
Angeles 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. This was done using, as a
guide, the relative incidences in the above national "attempted suicide" incidences for males. |
2.1% X (4.3 / 6.0 = 0.73) 1.5% |
1.2% X (1.25 / 1.8% = 0.69) 0.83 |
| Note:
As a rule, the two "attempted suicide" incidences for males decrease
significantly from Grades 9-10 to Grades 11-12, and the incidences
likely continue to decrease to let's say the mean age of 20 (being
another 3 years older, on average), or for males ranging in age from 18
to 24 years, as in the Kipke et al. sample. Therefore, for males aged
18 to 24 years living in Los Angeles in 2005, the "attempted suicide"
incidences may have been yet another third less than for the above
estimate for Grades 11-12 males in LA. |
||
| Estimated Incidences of 18-24-year-old males in LA in 2005. These figures also include the likely overrepresented suicidality of gay/bisexual males in the sample studied. Therefore, the incidences would be even lower for heterosexual males only. |
1.0% |
0.56% |
| Meaning? Possible? Likely? 3 If so, similar to Silenzio et al (2007) results given in Table for young adults aged 18 to 26 years. Also similar to Whitlock & Knox (2007) result for mostly undergraduate students at two universities: Table. |
Kipke et al. GB Males: 4-Times More at Risk. |
Kipke et al. GB Males: Almost 4-Times The Risk |
|
||
| Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM): New York Age: 17 to 28 Years - Mean: 21.7 Years: 'Race'/Ethnicity |
|||||
| Categories |
All MSM Males ** |
** Ever Homeless |
Never Homeless |
Previously Homeless |
Currently Homeless |
| N's Percent |
569 100% |
249 43.8% |
320 56.2% |
166 29.2% |
83 14.7% |
| Age: Mean, (SD) |
21.7 (2.9) |
21.8 (2.9) | 21.6 (2.9) |
21.4 (2.9) |
|
| White, % Category, % White, n's* |
26.7% 100% 152 |
16.5% 27.0% 41 : 111 |
34.7% 73.0% 111 : 41 |
20.5% 22.4% 34 : 118 |
8.4% 4.6% 7 : 145 |
| Black, % of Category, % Black, n's* OR (95%CI): vs. White p *** |
22.7% 100% 129 |
24.1% 46.5% 60 : 69 2.4 (1.4, 3.9) 0.0006 |
21.6% 53.5% 69 : 60 |
22.9% 29.4% 38 : 91 1.4 (0.85, 2.5) 0.175 |
26.5% 17.1% 22 : 107 4.3 (1.7, 10.3) 0.0006 |
| Hispanic, % of Category, % Hispanic, n's* OR (95%CI): vs. White p *** |
40.4% 100% 230 |
50.2% 54.3% 125 : 105 3.2 (2.1, 5.0) 0.0000 |
32.8% 45.7% 105 : 125 |
48.8% 35.2% 81 : 149 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) 0.007 |
53.0% 19.1% 44 : 186 4.9 (2.1, 11.2) 0.0000 |
| Others, % of Category, % Others, n's* OR (95%CI): vs. White p *** |
10.2% 100% 58 |
9.2% 39.6% 23 : 35 1.8 (0.94, 3.4) 0.074 |
10.9% 60.4% 35 : 23 |
7.8% 22.4% 13 : 45 1.0 (0.48, 2.1) 0.994 |
12.0% 17.2% 10 : 48 4.3 (1.6, 12.0) 0.003 |
| *** Statistics 4 'Races': Chi Square |
28.7 0.001 |
28.7 0.000 |
8.8 0.05 |
16.9 0.001 |
|
| Data Source: Clatts et. al. (2005) * The n's are not given. Estimated from given percentages in Homeless Categories n's = Yes : No - within each 'Race'/Ethnic category Assuming that all study participants responded to the questions asked. ** Generally not given. Calculated from other data. *** Odd Ratios and Significance calculated by web page author. |
|||||
| Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM): New York Sexual Orientation Categories |
|||||
| Categories |
All MSM Males ** |
** Ever Homeless |
Never Homeless |
Previously Homeless |
Currently Homeless |
| N's Percent |
569 100% |
249 43.8% |
320 56.2% |
166 29.2% |
83 14.7% |
| Age: Mean, (SD) |
21.7 (2.9) |
21.8 (2.9) | 21.6 (2.9) |
21.4 (2.9) |
|
| Gay, % of Category % of Gay Males n's* |
63.4% 100% 361 |
49.4% 34.1% 123 : 238 |
74.4% 65.9% 238 : 123 |
56.0% 25.8% 93 : 268 |
36.1% 8.3% 30 : 331 |
| Bisexual, % of Category % of Bisexual Males n's* OR (95%CI): vs. Gay p *** |
23.9% 100% 136 |
31.3% 57.4% 78 : 58 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) 0.0000 |
17.8% 42.6% 58 : 78 |
29.5% 36.0% 49 : 87 1.6 (1.1, 2.5) 0.024 |
34.9% 21.3% 29 : 107 3.0 (1.7, 5.2) 0.0000 |
| Hetero..., % of Category % of Heterosexual Males n's* OR (95%CI): vs. Gay p *** |
7.2% 100% 41 |
12.0% 73.2% 30 : 11 5.3 (2.6, 10.9) 0.000 |
3.4% 28.8% 11 : 30 |
7.2% 29.3% 12 : 29 1.2 (0.58, 2.4) 0.628 |
21.7% 43.9% 18 : 23 8.6 (4,2, 17.8) 0.0000 |
| Other, % of Category, % of "Other" Males, n's* OR (95%CI): vs. Gay p *** |
5.6% 100% 32 |
7.2% 56.3% 18 : 14 2.5 (1.2, 5.2) 0.012 |
4.4% 43.8% 14 : 18 |
7.2% 37.5% 12 : 20 1.7 (0.81, 3.7) 0.150 |
7.2% 18.8% 6 : 26 2.5 (0.97, 6.7) 0.0497 |
| Total |
100% 570 |
100% 249 |
100% 321 |
99.9% 166 |
99.9% 83 |
| *** Statistics 4 Sex Orientations Chi Square |
40.4 0.001 |
40.4 0.001 |
6.2 0.20 |
45.2 0.001 |
|
| Trans..., % of Category % of Transgender Males n's* OR (95%CI): vs. Gay p *** |
8.8% 100% 50 |
11.6% 58.0% 29 : 21 2.7 (1.5, 4.9) 0.001 |
6.6% 42.0% 21 : 29 |
7.8% 26.0% 13 : 37 1.0 (0.52, 2.0) 0.971 |
19.3% 32.0% 16 : 36 4.9 (2.4, 9.8) 0.0000 |
| Data Source: Clatts et. al. (2005) * The n's are not given. Estimated from given percentages in Homeless Categories n's = Yes : No - within each Sexual Orientation category Assuming that all study participants responded to the questions asked. ** Generally not given. Calculated from other data. *** Odd Ratios and Significance calculated by web page author. Transgender compared to Gay, but some transgender identified MSMs may also have identified as gay. |
|||||
| Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM): New York Age: 17 to 28 Years - Mean: 21.7 Years: 'Race'/Ethnicity |
|||||
| Categories |
All MSM Males ** |
** Ever Homeless |
Never Homeless |
Previously Homeless |
Currently Homeless |
| N's Percent |
569 100% |
249 43.8% |
320 56.2% |
166 29.2% |
83 14.7% |
| Age: Mean, (SD) |
21.7 (2.9) |
21.8 (2.9) | 21.6 (2.9) |
21.4 (2.9) |
|
| Attempted Suicide: % % of Suicide Attempters * n's: Attempters : Non-Att OR: vs. Never Homeless p *** |
33.4% 100% 190 : 379 |
42.2% 55.3% 105 : 144 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) 0.0000 |
26.6% 44.7% 85 : 235 |
41.8% 36.3% 69 : 97 2.0 (1.3, 2.9) 0.0007 |
43.4% 19.9% 36 : 47 2.1 (1.3, 3.5) 0.0029 |
| % Attempters = Multiple Attempters |
46.8% ** |
54.3% ** |
37.6% |
53.6% |
55.6% |
| Multiple S. Attempters: % % of Multiple Attempters * n's OR: vs. Never Homeless p *** |
15.6% 100% 89 : 480 |
22.9% 64.0% 57 : 192 2.7 (1.7, 4.3) 0.0000 |
10.0% 36.0% 32 : 288 |
22.4% 41.6% 37 : 129 2.6 (1.5, 4.3) 0.0002 |
24.1% 22.5% 20 : 63 2.9 (1.5, 5.3) 0.0006 |
| % Attempters = Attempted, Sex Orientation (S.O.) Reason |
34.7% ** |
33.3% ** |
36.2% |
32.4% |
36.4% |
| S.O. Suicide Attempters: % % of S.O. Attempters * n's OR: vs. Never Homeless p *** |
11.6% 100% 66 : 503 |
14.1% 53.0% 35 : 214 1.5 (0.91, 2.6) 0.106 |
9.6% 47.0% 31 : 289 |
13.5% 33.3% 22 : 144 1.4 (0.80, 2.5) 0.232 |
15.8% 19..7% 13 : 70 1.7 (0.86, 3.5) 0.120 |
| Data Source: Clatts et. al. (2005) * The n's are not given. Estimated from given percentages in Homeless Categories n's = Yes : No - within Attempted Suicide category Assuming that all study participants responded to the questions asked. ** Generally not given. Calculated from other data. *** Odd Ratios and Significance calculated by web page author. |
|||||
| The D'Augelli et al. 2005 Study of New York GLB Youth "Attempting Suicide" Criteria |
|||
| All Reporting Having Attempting Suicide |
Suicide Attempters |
n's |
Category Described Attempt: Serious / Not Serious Intent To Die |
| All Youths Reporting to Have Attempted Suicide: 166 / 528 (31.4%) Those Deemed to Have Attempted Suicide: 78 / 528 (14.8%) Those Deemed to Have Attempted Suicide in Final Study Sample (Data Complete): 61 / 361 (16.9%) |
Removed As Suicide Attempters * |
28 |
Report or Indication of Having Attempted Suicide |
| 60 Removed As Suicide Attempters |
30 |
Not Serious, No Intent to Die |
|
| 23 |
Serious, No Intent to Die |
||
| 7 |
No Information Given |
||
| 78 Deemed To Be Real Suicide Attempters |
21 |
Not Serious, Intent to Die |
|
| 25 |
Serious, Intent to Die |
||
| 22 |
Very Serious, Intent to Die, with 7 Having No Intent to Die |
||
| * 19 were removed because "attempting suicide" was reported in questionnaire, but not in interview. 9 were removed because "attempting suicide" was only threatened, but not done |
|||
| American Lifetime "Attempted Suicide" Incidences Non-Random: GLB Community, GLB Services Homosexually Oriented Adults: 1994 - 2011 |
||||
| Study |
Sample Size (N) GLB |
Compa- rison Group |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Age Odd Ratios (95%CI) |
| Perez & Torres (2011) |
(F) 305 |
None |
18.4% Lifetime |
305
Latina LGBTQQ participants in Chicago, 13-60 years old. Sexual
Identity: 50% lesbian/gay/homosexual, 8.8% bisexual, 6.5% queer, 1%
straight or heterosexual, 4.5% uncertain/questioning, and 9.7% do not
use labels to identify themselves. |
| Ryan et al. (2009) |
114 (M) 110 (F) 107 White 117 Latino |
None |
Range For Groups: 27.3-54.8%, Lifetime All: 40.6% |
Volunteer
Sample from 249 GLB Venues, San Francisco. Age Range: 21-25 Years, Mean
age: 22.8 Years. Sample Criteria: GLB Self-Identified and having come
out to at least one parent/guardian in adolescence. Additional Results: Table Below, including Family Rejection effects. |
| O'Donnell et al. (2011) |
193 (M) 195 (F) 388 (MF) 132 - White 128 - Black 128 - Latino 18 to 59 Years-Old |
None |
17.0%, Lifetime Suicide Attempt, All. White: 9.1% Latino/a: 22.7% Black: 19.5% |
Volunteers,
2004-05 at 274 Project Stride (Stress, Identity, Mental Health) Venues,
New York City. Same Sample Used by Meyer et al (2008) Study (Below). Conclusion: Mental Disorders not generally preceeding suicide attempts. Discrimination associations proposed for Black's and Latinos/a's Excess Suicidality. |
| Meyer et al. (2008) |
193 (M) 195 (F) 388 (MF) 132 - White 128 - Black 128 - Latino 18 to 59 Years-Old |
None |
8.4%, Lifetime Serious Suicide Attempt 68.8%, One or More Mental Disorder, Lifetime |
Volunteers, 2004-05 at 274 Project Stride (Stress, Identity, and Mental Health) Venues, New York City. Information to determine "serious suicide attempts" was obtained via the computer- assisted personal interview (Version 19) of the WHO World Mental Health Survey: the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. See Table Below for Variable Results. |
| Walter et al. (2008) |
244 (M*) |
None |
59 / 241 24.5% Lifetime |
*244 mostly male sexual minority American Indians from a volunteer multi-city sample (includes 10 female-to-male transsexual individuals) |
| Koh & Ross (2006) |
524 (F) Lesbian |
637 (F) Hetero- sexual |
16.7% (85 / 510) vs. 10.2% (63/617) Lifetime |
USA Volunteers: Inpatients at General Health Care Sites, Lesbian Health Clinics. Mean Ages: 36-41, SDs: 9 to 13 Years 81% to 85% Caucasian. ORs calculated from counts estimated from given data. Lesbian vs. Hetero. : OR = 1.4 (1.006, 2.0) Bisexual vs. Hetero.: OR = 2.4 (1.5, 3.8) |
| 143 (F) Bisexual |
637 (F) Hetero- sexual |
21.3% (30 / 141)vs 10.2% (63/617) Lifetime |
||
| Balsam et al. (2005a) |
445 (MF) |
None |
28.9% | USA Military Veterans, Internet Sample N = 445, Age = 19 - 83 Year 64.7% male, 27.2% female, 8.1% self- identified as transgender or “other.” 87.6% White, 88.7% Lesbian or Gay |
| Balsam et al. (2005) Estimates: Additional Results |
264 (M*) |
185 (M) |
11.4% vs 3.3% |
OR = 3.8 (1.6, 9.4) - To Age 17 years |
| 264 (M) |
185 (M) |
10.6% vs. 3.3% |
OR =
3.5 (1.4, 8.7) - Age 18 + Years |
|
| 457 (F) |
358 (F) |
9.8% vs. 6.2% |
OR = 1.6 (0.95, 2.7) - To Age 17 years | |
| 457 (F) |
348 9F) |
8.7% vs. 4.4% |
OR = 2.1 (1.1, 3.8) - Age 18 + Years | |
| Roberts et al. (2004) |
1,139 (F) |
None |
19.5% Lifetime |
Volunteers, Via Outreach: 1997-2000. Sample From 44 American States. Mean Age = 40 Years (Approx) . Age Range = 15-55+ Years For 146 / 225 Suicide Attempters, First Attempt Occurred <= 18 Years |
| Matthews et al. (2002) Hughes et al. (2000) |
550 (F) Lesbian / Bisexual |
279 (F) Hetero- sexual |
22% (91 / 414) vs. 13% (22 / 169) Lifetime p < 0.01 OR = 1.9 (1.2, 3.1): An Estimate. |
Volunteers, Lesbian Communities, in Three Large American Cities: 1992-96. Mean Age: 43 Years Most Suicide Attempts: 15 to 29 Years OR = 1.9 (1.2, 3.1): An Estimate. Age 15-19, Attempted Suicide: 12% vs 6%, p < 0.05 Age: 20-29, Attempted Suicide: 12% vs. 5%, p < 0.05 Differences for older lesbian participants are not statistically significant. |
| McBee- Strayer & Rogers (2002) |
162 (MF) 85 (M) 75 (F) |
None |
36.4% Lifetime |
USA Volunteers: GLB Organizations & Snowballing. - Mean Age: 37.1. (SD: 12.0), 18 to 64 Years Attempters: 23.4% (Ambivalence) + 13.0% (Intent to Die) = 36.4% |
| D'Augelli & Grossman (2001) Grossman et al. (2001) |
416 295 (M) 121 (F) |
None |
12.5% (52 / 416) Lifetime |
Volunteers Obtained Via Community Organizations: Many American States, and Ontario, Canada: 1997-98. Age = 60 - 91 Years, Mean: 68.5 Years, SD: 5.8 Years Most Attempted Suicide Between ages 22 to 59 years. |
| Morris et al. (2001) |
2,401 (F) Mostly Lesbian/Gay |
None |
21.5%, Lifetime About 52% of them attempted suicide two or more times. On Suicidality Scale: Native Americans More at Risk. |
Volunteers: National Lesbian Wellness Survey Average Age: 36 Years. Range: 15-83 Years. White (75%, N=1,809), African American (10%, N=231), Latina (7%, N=173), Native American (4%, N=85), and Asian American/Pacific Islander, (3%, N=63), with 1% (N=40) indicated "other". 75% with a one or more college degrees. |
| Sorensen & Roberts (1997) |
1,633 (F) |
None |
18% Lifetime |
USA
Volunteers, Via Outreach: 1987. Median Age = 32. Years. Age Range = 16
- 82 Years. 46% of Suicide Attempts Occurred Between Ages or 13 to 18
Years |
| Bradford & Ryan (1988, 1994) |
1,925 (F) |
None |
All: 19%, Lifetime White: 16% Latina: 28% Black: 27% |
National American Volunteer Snowball Sample Taken in 1984-85. Age = 17 - 80 Years 80% Between Ages of 25 - 44 Years |
| * M = Males - F = Females | ||||
| 224 American White and Latino Young Adults, 21 to 25 Years Old GLB Identified & Out to At Least One Parent / Guardian in Adolescence Suicidality and Depression: Effects of Family Rejection 1 |
||||||
| Categories / Variables 4 |
Rejection Scale Score OR 2 |
Rejection Level |
Mode- rate Rejec- tion OR |
High Rejec- tion OR |
||
| Low |
Mode- rate |
High |
||||
| Depression, Current CES-D > 16 |
2.21 (1.62–3.01) |
22.4% |
44.6% |
63.5% | 2.92 (1.42–6.00) |
5.94 (2.86–12.34) |
| Suicide Ideation, Past 6 Months |
2.13 (1.53–2.95 |
11.8% |
21.6% |
43.2% | 2.12 (0.86–5.18) |
5.64 (2.42–13.14) |
| Attempted Suicide, Ever |
3.09 (2.18–4.37) |
19.7% |
35.1% |
67.6% | 2.29 (1.08–4.83) |
8.35 (3.90–17.85) |
| Categories / Variables 4 |
All |
Males |
Females |
Effects Statistically Significant |
||
| White |
Latino |
White |
Latino |
|||
| N's |
224 |
52 |
62 |
55 |
55 |
- |
| Mean Age, Years At Survey Time |
22.8 |
22.9 |
22.9 |
23.1 |
22.6 |
None |
| Come Out, Parent(s) Mean Age, Years |
15.8 |
15.2 |
15.8 |
16.2 |
16.1 |
None |
| Depression, Current CES-D > 16 |
43.3% |
44.2% |
58.1% |
41.8% |
27.3% |
GxE 3 |
| Suicide Ideation, Past 6 Months |
25.4% |
25.0% |
35.5% |
27.3% |
12.7% |
GxE 3 |
| Attempted Suicide, Ever |
40.6% |
44.2% |
54.8% |
34.5% |
27.3% |
None |
1. The selection process for this study creates an unknown: What are the possible effects on GLB self-identified adolescents if, during adolescence, they did not come out to at least one parent or guardian? Study by Ryan et al. (2009). |
||||||
| Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Adults, and Their Siblings "Attempted Suicide" Incidences / Risks Homosexual/Bisexual vs. Heterosexual |
||||
| Sexual Orientation » |
Hetero- sexual |
Bisexual |
Homosexual |
Homosexual & Bisexual * |
| Men |
||||
| Counts in Categories | 185 |
38 |
226 |
264 |
| Attempted Suicide < 18 Years ** Odd Ratios (95%CI) |
3.3% | 17.1% 5.6 (1.7, 18.4) |
10.5% 3.5 (1.4, 8.9) |
11.4% 3.8 (1.6, 9.4) |
| Attempted Suicide 18 + Years ** Odd Ratios (95%CI) |
3.3% |
11.4% 3.4 (0.94, 13.1) |
10.5% 3.5 (1.4, 8.9) |
10.6% 3.5 (1.4, 8.7) |
| Lifetime |
? |
? |
? |
? |
| Women |
||||
| Counts in Categories | 348 |
125 |
332 |
457 |
| Attempted Suicide < 18 Years ** Odd Ratios (95%CI) |
6.2% |
17.4% 3.2 (1.7, 5.9) |
7.0% 1.1 (0.60, 2.0) |
9.8% 1.6 (0.95, 2.7) |
| Attempted Suicide 18 + Years ** Odd Ratios (95%CI) |
4.4% |
10.7% 2.6 (1.2, 5.6) |
7.9% 1.9 (0.98, 3.6) |
8.7% 2.1 (1.1, 3.8) |
| Lifetime | ? |
? |
? |
? |
| Data Source: Balsam et al. (2005) GLB Sampling via Magazine/Web Advertisement. Their Siblings: via mail. Mean Ages For Groups: 31.6-39.3 Years (SDs: 10.3-11.7 Years). 91.7% European American * Data For Combined Homosexual & Bisexual Groups Not Given. Estimated From Given Percentages. ** Odds Ratio Calculated From Estimated Counts, Assuming No Non-Responders to Questions. The actual Odds Ratio Would be a Little Less. |
||||
| Lifetime Serious Suicide Attempts & Mental Disorders White, Black & Latino/a Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Adults in New York City |
|||||
| Categories * |
Any Anxiety Disorder |
Any Mood Disorder |
Any Substance Use Disorder |
Any Disorder |
Serious Suicide Attempt |
| All, N = 388 |
44.3% |
30.7% |
38.4% |
69.8% |
8.3% |
| Male, n = 193 |
43.0% |
26.4% |
36.8% |
65.3% |
9.3% |
| Female, n = 195 |
45.6% |
34.9% |
40.0% |
74.4% |
7.2% |
| White, n = 132 |
47.0% |
38.6% |
41.7% |
76.5% |
4.6% |
| Black, n = 128 |
36.7% |
21.9% |
30.5% |
60.2% |
7.0% |
| Latino/a, n = 128 |
49.2% |
31.3% |
43.0% |
72.7% |
13.3% |
| Lesbian/Gay, n = 318 |
43.7% |
30.2% |
35.5% |
68.2% |
7.9% |
| Bisexual, n = 70 |
47.1% |
32.9% |
51.4% |
77.1% |
10.0% |
| 18 - 29 Years, n = 172 |
46.5% |
29.1% |
35.5% |
69.8% |
8.7% |
| 30 - 44 Years, n = 171 |
43.9% |
25.7% |
39.8% |
67.8% |
5.9% |
| 45 - 59 Years, n = 45 |
37.8% |
55.6% |
44.4% |
77.8% |
15.6% |
Data Source: Meyer et al. (2008) - * Lifetime Incidences (Percent: %) for All Categories
Information to determine "mental disorders" & "serious suicide attempts" was obtained via the computer- assisted personal interview (Version 19) of the WHO World Mental Health Survey: the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. |
|||||
| Canadian Lifetime "Attempted Suicide" Incidences Non-Random: GLB Community or GLB Services Homosexually Oriented Adults: AIDS/HIV Cohort Studies |
||||
| Study |
Sample Size (N) GLB |
Compa- rison Group |
Attempted Suicide Incidence |
Sampling Information Age |
| Botnick et al. (2002) |
345 ** MSM |
None |
19.4% (67 / 345) Lifetime |
Vancouver, British Columbia - 1998 Subsample: Vanguard AIDS/HIV Cohort Men (Age = 18 to 30 Years) Identified as Gay / Bisexual, or Having Sex With Men |
| Otis (2000) |
629 msm |
None |
36.1% Lifetime |
Montreal, Canada - 1999 Subsample: Omega AIDS/HIV Cohort Men (Mean Age = 32 Years) Identified as Gay / Bisexual, or Having Sex With Men |
| * M = Males - F = Females - MSM: Men Who Have Sex With Men | ||||
| Lifetime "Self Harm / Attempted Suicide" Incidences Non-Random GLB Study Populations: United Kingdom |
||||
| Study |
Sample Size (N) GLB |
Compa- rison Group |
Self Harm / Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Age Comments |
| Rivers (2000) |
116 (MF*) 92 (M) |
None |
37.1% (43 / 116) Self Harm / Suicide Attempt(s) Lifetime |
Volunteers: Advertising in GLB Community Venues. Follow-up Questionnaire to 190
United Kingdom Participants in a Previous Study. Mean Age = 28 Years, 16 to 54 Years Men: 16 to 54 years, Women: 16 to 44 Years Age Range Information: Rivers (2004) |
| Cant (2002) |
85 (MF) |
None |
32% Attempted Suicide 35% Self-Harm |
The
Metro Centre in Greenwich that is accessed by some young lesbian, gay
and bisexual people from Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham. Data collected
on 85 youth registered there from October 2001 to April 2002: 85 young people. |
| Carragher & Rivers (2002) |
93 (M) |
None |
33.7% (29 / 86) Self Harm / Suicide Attempt(s) Lifetime |
Male Part of Rivers (2000) UK Sample. Mean Age = 28 Years, SD: 9.0 Years Age Range: 16 to 54 Years |
| Webb & Wright (2001) |
1145 (MF) |
None |
Attempted S. 18.3% (210 / 1145) Lifetime |
90%
Living in Brighton & Hove. Women: significantly more likely than
men to have self-harmed. No significant differences for attempting
suicide. Serious thoughts of suicide, ever: declines from 53.1% to
21.6%, from age group 16-25, to age group 65+ Age = 16 - 65+ |
| Self Harm: 10.6% (121 / 1145) Lifetime |
||||
| Hutchison et al. (2003) |
95 (M) |
None |
Self Harm: 28.4% (27 / 95) Lifetime |
Volunteers: Gay Venues (Edinburgh, Scotland) Age = 15 - 26 Years Self Harm = No Intent To Die 42% of Suicide Attempters: Repeat Attempters Compared to National Male Statistics: Self Harm: 5.6 Times More likely Attempted Suicide: 6.7 Times More Likely |
| Attempted S. 27.4% (26 / 95) Lifetime |
||||
| King et al. (2003)* & Warner et al. (2004)* |
656 (M) Gay |
505 (M) Hetero- sexual |
Self Harm** 25% vs. 13.5% |
Snowball Sampling (England, Wales): Gay / Lesbian Venues, Publications, Advertisements, Followed by Recruitment: Friends, etc. Mean Age = 36.4 Years Self-Harm: Lifetime |
| 84 (M) Bisexual |
505 (M) Hetero- sexual |
Self Harm** 27% vs. 13.5% |
Snowball Sampling (As Above) Mean Age = 35.5 Years |
|
| 430 (F) Lesbian |
588 (F) Hetero- sexual |
Self Harm** 31% vs. 16.5% |
Snowball Sampling (As Above) Mean Age = 34.2 Years |
|
| 111 (F) Bisexual |
588 (F) Hetero- sexual |
Self Harm** 33% vs. 16.5% |
Snowball Sampling (As Above) Mean Age = 29.8 Years |
|
| Cull et al. (2006) |
44 GLBT Homeless Youth |
None |
Attempted Suicide: > 66.7% Lifetime |
Volunteer: GLBT Presently/Past Homeless in Brighton and Hove, England - Age = 16 - 25 Years. 'Nearly
all reported a history of mental health problems or substance misuse.
Half reported alcohol or substance misuse. Over two thirds had a
history of attempting suicide.' |
| Meads et al. (2007) |
449 (F) 93.5% LGB Identified |
None |
31.3% Attempted Suicide, Lifetime |
Volunteer: Measure for Measure 1 Study (2002) Commissioned by the West Midlands South Strategic Health Authority |
| 166 (F) 77% LGB Identified |
None |
20.0% Attempted Suicide, Lifetime |
Volunteer: Measure for Measure 2 Study (2005) Commissioned by the West Midlands South Strategic Health Authority |
|
| Hunt & Fish (2008) |
5,053 (F) 81% Lesbian Identified |
None |
5.0% Attempted Suicide, Past Year |
England:
Volunteer Sample: Online & Pencil/Paper - 82% White British. Age
Range: 14 to 84 Years. - Attempted Suicide Incidence Range, in the Past
Year, in 10 Regions: 3.5% to 7.4%. See Table Below. Self-Harm, With No Intention of Killing Self, in the Past Year: Incidence Range: 15.9% to 22.9%, in 10 Regions. See Table Below. Results Similar for Wales: See Table Below. |
| None |
20.0% Self-Harm, Past Year |
|||
| Hunt & Fish (2008a) |
510 (F) 77.8% Lesbian Identified |
None |
4.8% Attempted Suicide, Past Year |
Scotland: Volunteer Sample: Online & Pencil/Paper - Age Range: 15 to 72 years. Attempted Suicide Incidence Range, in the Past Year, in 10 Regions: 1.1% to 10.2%. See Table Below. Self-Harm, With No Intention of Killing Self, in the Past Year: Incidence Range: 14.6% to 39.1%, in 10 Regions. See Table Below. |
| None |
20.8% Self-Harm, Past Year |
|||
| ** Described as "Self Harm" in 2003 Paper, but as "Attempted Suicide" in 2004 Paper. * M = Males - F = Females |
||||
| Attempted Suicide & Self-Harm: Lesbian & Bisexual Women in United Kingdom "Prescription For Change" Studies by Hunt & Fish (2008 & 2008a) |
|||||
| Categories / Strategic Health Authority (SHA) |
N's |
% Lesbian * |
% Bisexual Women * |
% Attempted Suicide, Past Year |
% Self-Harm, No Death Intent Past year |
| All England |
5,043 |
80.9% |
15.7% |
5.0% |
20.0% |
| East of England |
415 |
81.2% |
17.6% | 7.4% |
22.2% |
| East Midlands |
377 |
82.5% |
14.9% | 4.2% |
17.3% |
| London |
1,330 |
79.9% |
15.7% | 3.5% |
18.1% |
| North East |
224 |
79.9% |
16.5% | 6.4% |
22.6% |
| North West |
638 |
81.3% |
15.4% | 5.1% |
22.0% |
| South Central |
369 |
78.3% |
17.9% | 4.9% |
23.5% |
| South East Coast |
449 |
81.1% |
15.1% | 5.8% |
19.0% |
| South West |
376 |
82.4% |
14.4% | 5.6% |
22.9% |
| West Midlands |
425 |
81.6% |
15.8% | 5.2% |
15.9% |
| Yorkshire & Humber |
418 |
82.2% |
14.2% | 4.6% |
19.7% |
| England (SHA unknown) |
22 |
86.4% |
13.6% | 31.8% |
45.5% |
| All Wales |
267 |
81.3% |
16.1% | 6.4% |
22.7% |
| South East (Wales) |
135 |
80.7% |
16.3% | 4.5% |
20.3% |
| Mid & West (Wales) |
81 |
80.2% |
17.3% | 11.1% |
24.7% |
| North Wales | 51 |
84.3% |
13.7% | 3.9% |
26.0% |
| Scotland |
510 |
77.8% |
18.2% |
4.8% |
20.6% |
| Greater Glasgow & Clyde |
157 |
81.5% |
15.9% |
5.2% |
14.6% |
| Lothian |
149 |
73.8% |
20.8% |
3.4% |
17.6% |
| Other Areas |
204 |
74.0% to 81.8% |
15.9% to 21.2% |
1.1% to 10.2% |
19.5% to 39.1% |
|
|||||
| Lifetime "Self Harm / Attempted Suicide" Incidences Non-Random GLB Study Populations: Ireland |
||||
| Study | Sample Size (N) GLB |
Compa- rison Group |
Self Harm / Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Age Comments |
| Carolan & Redmond (2003) |
362 232 (M) 130 (F |
None |
Self Harm 26.2% (95 / 362) |
Volunteers: Questionnaire promoted through youth, community and gay organisations, and online. Northern Ireland Age = <= 25 Years Self-Harm / Attempted Suicide: Lifetime |
| Attempted S. 28.7% (104 / 362) |
||||
| McNamee (2006) |
190 (M) 93.4% Gay Bisexual Identified |
None |
27.1% Attempted Suicide 30.7% Self-Harmed |
Volunteers: Northern Ireland Mean Age: 20.6 Years, 15 to 25 Years 60% Live in Belfast or Derry/Londonderry. Self-Harm / Attempted Suicide: Lifetime |
| CCL (2006) |
107 (F) 85% Lesbian Identified |
None |
14.2% Attempted Suicide 23.8% Self-Harmed |
Volunteers: Cork Region, Northern Ireland Age: 8.5% (< 23 years), 45% (23-49 Years), 44% (. 49 Years) Self-Harm / Attempted Suicide: Lifetime |
| Mayock et al. (2009) Internet Sample Age Range: 14-73 years Mean Age: 30.5 Years Ireland Residents: 90%* |
Male n = 707 |
None | 105 / 707 14.8% |
Attempted Suicide in Past 12 months, 6 months, 30 days: 1.6% (n = 11), 1.0% (7), 0.42% (3), respectively |
| Female n = 377 |
None | 89 / 377 23.6% |
Attempted Suicide in Past 12 months, 6 months, 30 days: 3.7% (n = 14), 2.4% (9), 0.79% (3), respectively |
|
| Other n = 22 |
None | 3 / 22 13.6% |
Attempted Suicide in Past 12 months, 6 months, 30 days: 0.0% (n = 0), 0.0% (0), 0.0% (0). respectively |
|
| All n = 1,110 |
None | 197 / 1,110 17.7% |
Attempted Suicide in Past 12 months, 6 months, 30 days: 2.3% (n = 25), 1.4% (16), 0.54 (6), respectively |
|
| Trans- gender n = 46 |
None |
12 / 46 26.1% |
Attempted Suicide in Past 12 months, 6 months, 30 days: 6.5% (n = 3), 6.5% (3), 0.0% (9), respectively |
|
| Interview Sample n = 22 |
None |
13 / 22 59.1% |
Qualitative Part of the Study. For Above Quantitative Study: First suicide attempts were Very Much (12%), Very (35%) and Somewhat (25%) related to LGBT Identification | |
| * Over 90% were residents in the Republic of Ireland. 4% were living in Northern Ireland. |
||||
| Adolescent School Surveys: Random or Near-Random "Attempted Suicide" Risk: Same-Sex Sexual Orientation/Identity vs. Heterosexual Identity Published American Studies |
||||
| Study | Sexual Minority |
Others |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Grade - Age OR, (95% CI) Comments |
| Remafedi et. al (1998) |
178 (M*) Homo/Bi Sexual |
168 (M) Heterosexual Matched |
28.1% vs. 4.2% RR: 6.8 Lifetime |
Adolescent Health Survey Minnesota,1987 N = 36,254. Grades 7 to 12 Sexual Minority / Others = Self-Identification Males: OR = 7.1 (3.1, 16.5) Females: OR - 1.5 (0.81, 2.8) ns |
| 166 (F*) Homo/Bi Sexual |
145 (F) Heterosexual Matched |
20.5% vs. 14.5% RR: 1.4 ns. Lifetime |
||
| Garofalo et. al (1999) |
129 (MF) GLBN |
3,236 (MF) Heterosexual |
31.0% vs. 9.1% RR: 3.4 In The Past 12 Months |
***
YRBS Massachusetts, 1995. N = 3,365 - GLBN: Self-Identified as Gay,
Lesbian, Bisexual or 'Not Sure' of Sexual Orientation: OR = 2.28 (1.4,
3.4) With Control Variables |
| ? (M) GLBN |
? (M) Heterosexual |
** 41.6% vs. 6.4% RR: 6.5 12 Months |
OR = 3.74 (1.9, 7.3) With Control Variables Attempted Suicide: Past 12 Months |
|
| ? (F) GLBN |
? (F) Heterosexual |
** 27.1% vs. 13.4% RR: 2.0 Past 12 Months |
OR = 1.42 (0.65, 3.1) ns With Control Variables Attempted Suicide: Past 12 Months |
|
| ? (MF) Same-Sex Sex, Ever |
? (MF) No Same-Sex Sex, Ever |
30.6% vs. 9.2% RR: 3.3 Past 12 Months |
OR: Not Given Attempted Suicide: Past 12 Months |
|
| Bontempo & D'Augelli (2002) |
196 (M) GBUS |
4,416 (M) Heterosexual |
20.4% vs. 1.2% RR: 17.0 Past 12 Month |
1995
Massachusetts & Vermont: YRBSs, Combined: Grade 9 to 12. - Gay,
Lesbian, Bisexual, Unsure Identity and/or Same-Sex Sex Reported: GLBUS. Attempted Suicide 4 or More Times In Past 12 Months - Statistical Significance for RRs: p < 0.001 |
| 119 (F) LBUS |
4,457 (F) Heterosexual |
10.8% vs. 1.4% RR: 7.7 12 Months |
||
| Olshen et al. (2007) 8080 New York City High School Students > = 14 Years 51% Female, 40.1% Hispanic, 36.0% Black, 16.0% Asian/other, 7.9% white |
(F) GLBU (All) |
(F) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey: See Table Below For More Related Information. 3.7 (2.4-5.9) |
| (F) GLBU (All) |
(F) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
2.45 (1.31-4.56) Model Controls with Associated ORs: Dating violence (1.6), Feeling sad or hopeless (3.6), Disordered eating (1.8), Unsafe at school (1.9), Physical fighting (1.6), Binge drinking (1.9). |
|
| (M) GBU (All) |
(M) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
9.0 (5.3-15.3) |
|
| (M) GBU (All) |
(M) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
3.44 (1.88-6.32) Model Controls with Associated ORs: Sexual assault (3.9), Feeling sad or hopeless (4.3), Disordered eating (2.6), Drug use (2.3), Carried a gun (4.3). |
|
| Farley et al. (2008) |
GLBU (MF) |
Heterosexual (MF) |
31% vs. 8% Past 12 Months |
New York City: 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. - See More Results: Table Below. RR: 3.9 |
| Other Studies |
Sexual
minority suicidality results from many other large scale adolescent
surveys - especially Youth Risk Behavior Surveys - have been reported
in
non-peer-reviewed venues such as reports and web pages. Some of these
results are given on another Web Page
and show that, generally, sexual minority adolescents are at increasing
risk for the more serious suicide behavior, compared to other
adolescents. Summaries of suicidality results for adolescent school
surveys are located here. |
|||
| ** Not Given. Estimated Made From Given Data. "RR" = Risk Ratio. "OR" = Odds Ratio All RRs or ORs are Statistically Significant, Except for "ns" = Not Statistically Significant. * M = Males - F = Females - *** YRBS = Youth Risk Behavior Survey |
||||
| New York City 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey; Grades 9 to 12 Suicidality, Past Year: Non-Heterosexual vs. Heterosexual 1 |
|||
| Categories / Variables |
Heterosexual % Incidence |
GLBU % Incidence |
Risk Ratio 2 |
| Seriously Considered Suicide |
14% |
37% |
2.6 |
| Planned Suicide |
10% |
29% |
2.9 |
| Attempted Suicide |
8% |
31% |
3.9 |
| Injured, Poisoned, or Overdosed in an Attempt |
2% |
9% |
4.5 |
Results are reported to be similar in three New York City neighborhoods with high rates of illness and premature death: East and Central Harlem, Bedford-Stuyvesant and Bushwick, and the South Bronx. See Noyes et al. (2008). |
|||
| 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey: New York City High Schools "Attempted Suicide" Risk: Same-Sex Sexual Orientation/Identity/Behavior vs. Others |
||||
| Study | Sexual Minority |
Others |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Grade - Age OR, (95% CI) Comments |
| Olshen et al. (2007) N = 8080 14 years and older 51% Female, 40.1% Hispanic, 36.0% black, 16.0% Asian/other, 7.9% white |
(F) Gay/Lesbian |
(F) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
0.9 (0.3-2.6) |
| (F) Bisexual |
(F) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
5.3 (2.9-9.8) |
|
| (F) Unsure |
(F) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
2.4 (1.1-5.4) |
|
| (F) GLBU (All) |
(F) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
3.7 (2.4-5.9) |
|
| (F) GLBU (All) |
(F) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
2.45 (1.31-4.56) Model Controls with Associated ORs: Dating violence (1.6), Feeling sad or hopeless (3.6), Disordered eating (1.8), Unsafe at school (1.9), Physical fighting (1.6), Binge drinking (1.9). |
|
| (M) Gay |
(M) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
6.2 (1.7-22.7) |
|
| (M) Bisexual |
(M) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
12.8 (6.5-25.3) |
|
| (M) Unsure |
(M) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
6.8 (3.3-13.9) |
|
| (M) GBU (All) |
(M) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
9.0 (5.3-15.3) |
|
| (M) GBU (All) |
(M) Heterosexual |
? Past 12 Months |
3.44 (1.88-6.32) Model Controls with Associated ORs: Sexual assault (3.9), Feeling sad or hopeless (4.3), Disordered eating (2.6), Drug use (2.3), Carried a gun (4.3). |
|
| Egan et al. (2007) N = 7,103 |
GB or Same-Sex Intercourse (M) Gay = 118 Bisexual = 101 |
Others (m) 3,538 |
- |
Those who were missing behavior and identity were excluded (N=374). "Significant differences were found between groups in reported tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use. Overall trends show that lesbian/gay/bisexual (LGB) youth were more likely to report ever using substances and increased alcohol use (days drank, binge drinking, age first used). Lesbian/bisexual girls and bisexual boys reported increased tobacco use (age first used, last 30-days, quantity). These data suggest that NYC LGB youth may face significantly greater risk for substance use than heterosexuals..." |
| LB or Same-Sex Intercourse (F) Lesbian = 132 Bisexual = 290 |
Others 3,565 |
- |
||
| Pathela (2008) |
See
the Powerpoint Presentation for the associations between same-sex
behavior and sexual identity and other sex related life events in the
New York City 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. . |
|||
** Not Given. Estimate Made From Given Data. "RR" = Risk Ratio. "OR" = Odds Ratio All RRs or ORs are Statistically Significant, Except for "ns" = Not Statistically Significant. * M = Males - F = Females - *** YRBS = Youth Risk Behavior Survey |
||||
| The Dane County [Wisconsin] Youth Assessment Sexual Minority Suicidality 1 |
||||||
| Categories |
Hetero- Sexual n=12,559 |
Gay/ Lesbian n = 90 |
Bi- sexual n = 331 |
Trans- gender n = 72 |
Questi- oning n = 217 |
GLB- TQ 2 n = 654 |
| Suicide Ideation: Past 30 Days, have you seriously thought about killing yourself? |
||||||
| Yes |
8.1% 3 |
14.5% OR: 1.9 p = 0.397 |
41.4% OR: 8.0 p < 0.001 |
6.1% OR: 0.74 p = 0.424 |
28.1% OR: 4.4 p < 0.001 |
25.9% OR: 4.0 p < 0.001 |
| Rare/ Sometimes |
7.7% |
14.0% OR: 1.9 p = 0.030 |
35.8% OR: 6.7 p < 0.001 |
4.1% OR: 0.51 p = 0.228 |
25.5% OR: 4.1 p < 0.001 |
23.1% OR: 3.6 p < 0.001 |
| GLLAMM ORs 4 |
Reference Category |
OR: 1.4 p = 0.261 |
OR: 6.8 p < 0.001 |
OR: 0.35 p = 0.056 |
OR: 3.5 p < 0.001 |
5 Not Generated |
| All The Time |
0.4% |
0.5% OR: 1.2 p = 0.754 |
5.6% OR: 14.8 p < 0.001 |
2.0% OR: 5.1 p = 0.046
|
2.6% OR: 6.6 p < 0.001 |
2.8% OR: 7.2 p < 0.001 |
| GLLAMM ORs 4 |
Reference Category |
OR: 0.69 p = 0.726 |
OR: 17.8 p < 0.001 |
OR: 2.8 p = 0.187 |
OR: 5.6 p < 0.001 |
5 Not Generated |
| Attempted Suicide: Past 12 Months, have you attempted to kill yourself? |
||||||
| Yes |
2.4% 3 | 6.6% OR: 2.9 p = 0.094 |
16.8% OR: 8.2 p < 0.001 |
2.7% OR: 1.1 p = 0.895 |
9.9% OR: 4.5 p < 0.001 |
9.2% OR: 4.1 p < 0.001 |
| One Time |
1.8% |
5.1% OR: 2.9 p = 0.005 |
9.8% OR: 5.9 p < 0.001 |
0.7% OR: 0.38 p = 0.429 |
8.2% OR: 4.9 p < 0.001 |
6.2% OR: 3.6 p < 0.001 |
| GLLAMM ORs 4 |
Reference Category |
OR: 2.2 p = 0.044 |
OR: 5.9 p < 0.001 |
OR: 0.24 p = 0.261 |
OR: 4.0 p < 0.001 |
5 Not Generated |
| More Than Once |
0.6% |
1.6% OR: 2.7 p = 0.305 |
7.0% OR: 12.5 p < 0.001 |
2.0% OR: 3.4 p = 0.156 |
1.7% OR: 2.9 p = 0.036 |
3.0% OR: 5.1 p < 0.001 |
| GLLAMM ORs 4 |
Reference Category |
OR: 1.6 p = 0.637 |
OR: 12.2 p < 0.001 |
OR: 2.1 p = 0.422 |
OR: 2.2 p = 0.159 |
5 Not Generated |
Data Source: Robinson & Espelage (2011) (2011a)
|
||||||
| American Youth Risk Behavior Surveys: 2003 to 2011 Suicidality & Other Survey Results |
||||
| Categories / Information Sources |
Location, Year Sample Size |
Attempted Suicide, Past Year, % |
Related Information: Percentages For GLBU Odd Ratios (OR), 95% CI Other Related Suicidality Results |
|
| Sexual Minority |
Hetero- sexual |
|||
| Benbow (2005) Sullivan & Valles (2006) |
Chicago 2003 YRBS: 968 students in 23 public high schools. Grades 9-12 |
GLB 1 32% RR = 2.9 2 |
Hetero- sexual 11% |
GLB = 6.3%, 7.3% M, 4.7% F. 3 GLB = 7.3% Black, 5.8% Hispanic. 4.9% White. Same-Sex Sex = 2.3%, 1.6% M, 2.9% F. Depression: GLB vs. Heterosexual: 52% vs. 31% |
| Horn (2008) Horn (2007) |
Chicago 2005 YRBS: 941 students in 23 public high schools. Grades 9-12 |
GL: 27.3% B: 33.3% RR: 3.6-4.4 |
Hetero- sexual 7.5% |
GLB
= 4.2%. Unsure = 2.5% - GLB or Same-Sex Sex = 8.8% - African Americans
(52.6%), Latino (26.8%), White (9.5%), Asian (3.2%) and other (7.9%). Plan Suicide, Past year: 33.3% (GL), 35.0% (B) vs. 9.7% (Heterosexual). RR: 3.4-3.6 |
| VDH (200_) Outright Vermont (200_) VDH (2006) |
Vermont 2005 YRBS: 9,207-9,214 students replied to sexual orientation questions. All Students Surveyed: 9,342 from High / Middle Schools |
Same-Sex Sex: 42% GL: 32% B: 31% Unsure: 18% RR: 3.6-6.4 |
Opposite- Sex Sex: 9% Hetero- sexual: 5% |
Results Not Weighted. GL = 1.0%, B = 3.2%, Unsure = 3.0%, Same-Sex Sex = 2.6% Same-Sex-Sex. Females: Only With Females (0%), With Males & Females (2%). Males: Only With Males (0%), With Males & Females (1%). Results for many more "At Risk" behaviors are given in referenced document. Total Survey: 31,617 eighth to twelfth grade students in 146 schools representing 59 supervisory unions. |
| Outright Vermont (200_) VDH (2008) |
Vermont 2007 YRBS: 8,364 students: replied to sexual orientation questions. High / Middle Schools. Census for Vermont: 95.3% White, non Hispanic. |
GL: 27% B: 11% Unsure: 15%, RR: 2.8-6.8 |
Hetero- sexual 4% |
All: GL = 1.1%, B = 3.4%, Unsure = 2.8% Males: GL = 1%, B = 2%, Unsure = 2% Females: L = 1%, B = 5%, Unsure = 3% Same-Sex-Sex. Females: Only With Females (1%), With Males & Females (3%). Males: Only With Males (1%), With Males & Females (2%). Total Survey: 28,918 eighth to twelfth grade students in 144 schools representing 60 supervisory unions. |
| MCGLBTY (2003) |
Massachusetts 2003 YRBS: 3,624 Students, Grade 9 - 12 |
GLB 40.4% RR: 7.2 p < 0.05 |
Hetero- sexual 7.2% |
GLB = 3.5%. GLB or had Same-Sex Sex = 6.0% Attempted Suicide, Required Medical Attention: 18.3% vs. 2.2%, RR: 8.3, p < 0.05 |
| MCGLBTY (2005) |
Massachusetts 2005 YRBS: 3,522 Students, Grade 9 - 12 |
GLB 24.8% RR: 4.4 p < 0.05 |
Hetero- sexual 5.7% |
GLB = 3.7%. GLB or Had Same-Sex Sex = 6.4% Attempted Suicide, Required Medical Attention: 8.2% vs. 2.2%, RR: 3.7, p < 0.05 |
| MCGLBTY (2007) MDESE (2008) |
Massachusetts 2007 YRBS: 3,131 Students, Grade 9 - 12 |
GLB 29.1% RR: 4.5 p < 0.05 |
Hetero- sexual 6.4% |
GLB = 5.4%. GLB or Had Same-Sex Sex = 9.2% Attempted Suicide, Required Medical Attention: 12.1% vs. 2.2%, RR: 5.5, p < 0.05 White (72.8%), Hispanic/Latino (14.5%), African American (6.8%), Asian (3.1%), Others (2.9%). |
| Boulder County Public Health (2005) |
Boulder,
St. Vrain School Districts: 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1,960 Students Grade 9 - 12 |
GLBU 44.0% RR: 3.3 |
Hetero- sexual 13.5% |
5.6% GLBU Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual + Unsure. White (81.2, 74.3%), Hispanic/Latino (10.9, 21.6%), Asian (5.4, 2.6%), Black (1.8, 0.9%), Native American (0.7. 0.7%). Additional Suicidality Results. |
| Boulder County Public Health (2006) |
Boulder,
St. Vrain School Districts: 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 2,956 Students Grade 9 - 12 |
GLBU 23.6% RR: 3.7 |
Hetero- sexual 6.3% |
0.07% Gay/Lesbian, 3.6% Bisexual, 2.2% Unsure. White (72.1%), Hispanic/Latino (17.3%), Asian (4.1%), Black (1.6%), Native American (1.3%). Seriously consider suicide: 45.9% (GLBU) vs. 15.0% (Heterosexual), RR: 3.1 Additional Suicidality Results. |
| Boulder County Public Health (2008) |
Boulder,
St. Vrain School Districts: 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 2,106 Students Grade 9 - 12 |
GLBU 23.0% Past year RR: 3.2 |
Hetero- sexual 7.2% |
89.0% Heterosexual, 1.5% Gay/Lesbian, 3.7% Bisexual, 2.3% Unsure, 2.3% None of The Above. White (74.0%), Other ? (13.5%), Others ? Seriously consider suicide: 49.7% (GLBU) vs. 14.1% (Heterosexual), RR: 3.5 Additional Suicidality Results. |
| Boulder County Public Health (2010) |
Boulder,
St. Vrain School Districts: 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 2,106 Students Grade 9 - 12 |
GLBU |
Hetero- sexual 4.2% |
90.7% Heterosexual, 9.3% GLBU. Additional Suicidality Results. |
| Jiang et al. (2010) Basic Results RIDHESE (2009): At Risk for 27 of 30 "At Risk" Behaviors |
Rhode Island 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 2,210 Students Grade 9 - 12 |
GLBU 31.0% |
Hetero- sexual 6.6% |
Odds Ratio, No Controls: 6.4, p < 0.001 Odds Ratio, Many Controls: 3.5 (2.4, 5.2) p < 0.001 See Table Below for More Suicidality Results. See Another Table for "Attempted Suicide" Results Based on Sex Ethnicity. |
| DCPS (2008) |
Washington DC 2007 Youth Risk Behavior. Survey. 1,783 Students: 1,532 replied to sexual orientation question. 1,523 replied to same-sex sex question. |
GLB 32.6% RR: 3.8 |
Hetero- sexual 8.6% |
Males: G (3.0%), B (4.1%), Not Sure (3.0%). Females: L (3.6%), B (6.3%), Not Sure (3.3%). Results likely weighted. Raw Counts given and give slightly different percentage results. Females report same-sex sex with females only (5.2%) and Males/Females (3.6%). Males report lifetime same-sex sex with Males only (4.9%) and Males/Females (2.0%). Demographics: African American (82.0%), Hispanic/Latino (10.8), White (5.4%), Asian/PI (1.6%), Others (0.2%) |
| WDPI (2008) Crabe (2008) GSASS (2009) |
Wisconsin 2007 Youth Risk Behavior. Survey. 2,094 Students Grade 9 - 12, 56 Schools |
Same-Sex Sex, Lifetime RR: 3.7 |
? |
Females report lifetime same-sex sex with females only (1.6%) and Males/Females (5.4%). Males
report lifetime same-sex sex with males only (2.0%) and Males/Females
(1.6%). Greater risk for having attempted suicide in the past year is
reported to be 3.7-times, but comparison group not stated. Could be "all others" or "only those who reported lifetime opposite-sex". Census: White, non Hispanic (85.4%), African American (6.0%), Hispanic / Latino (4.9%), Other (3.7%). |
| SFUSD (2008) ETRA (2008b) ETRA (2008a) |
San Francisco 2007 Youth Risk Behavior. Survey. 2,587 Students Grade 9 - 12, 14 Schools |
GLB 16% RR: 3.3 |
Hetero- sexual 5% |
LGBQ (11%): Males (10%), Females (13%). Gay/ Lesbian (1.8%), Bisexual (3.7%), Not Sure (5.8%). Transgender Demographics: All (1%), American Indian (20%), Hawaiian/PI (4%), Multiracial (4%), African American (3%), Chinese (1%), Filipino (1%), Other Asian (2%), Hispanic / Latino (0.4%), White (2%). School Demographics: Chinese (36%), Hispanic/Latino (19%), African American (12%), Filipino (6%), Other Non-White (13%), Multiracial (2%), White (9%). |
| Hatzenbuehler (2011) |
Oregon Healthy Teen Study 2006-2008 Grade 11: Random Combined |
Lesbian or Gay 19.60% RR: 4.6 p < 0.001 |
Hetero- Sexual 4.21% |
Reported Identities: Heterosexual, n=30,439, 60.8% Male Lesbian or Gay, n = 301, 49.5% Male Bisexual, n = 1,112, 25.0% Male 72.8% to 73.5% White Attempted Suicide, Past Year RR: Risk Ratios Calculated by Webpage Author. Statistical Significance given by Study Author. Given ORs, Unadjusted: Lesbian/Gay vs. Heterosexual: OR: 5.99 [95% CI: 4.48–8.04] Bisexual vs. Heterosexual: 6.60 [95% CI: 5.67–7.70] Given ORs, Adjusted: Lesbian/Gay vs. Heterosexual: OR: 3.48 [95% CI: 2.33–5.20] Bisexual vs. Heterosexual: 2.82 [95% CI: 2.32–3.42] |
| Bisexual 22.03% RR: 5.2 p < 0.001 |
Hetero- Sexual 4.21% |
|||
| Shields et al. (2011) |
2009 San Francisco Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Grade 9-12 N = 2,154 |
Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual 23% |
Hetero- sexual 8% |
Weighted, No Control Variables: OR (Odd Ratio): 3.6 p < .05 OR, Weighted, 5 Control Variables OR (Odd Ratio): 2.2 [95% CI: 1.2–4.2] OR Results also given for Depression & Making a Suicide Plan, with GLB Students being more at risk. |
| Kessel-Schneider et al. (2011-2012) |
Massachussett's 2008 MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey: High Schools |
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual & Unsure n = 1,261 ? % OR: 5.17 (4.05, 6.60) |
Hetero- sexual n = 18,795 ? % |
OR - Odds Ratio - Calculated using many control variables. See Table Below for additional results: Depression, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Suicide Ideation & Attempting Suicide Requiring Medical Treatment. All for Past One Year Period. |
|
||||
| Rhode Island 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Sexual Orientation Results |
||||
| Categories |
Hetero- sexual n = 1,954 %, 95%CI 1 |
Gay, Lesbian Bisexual, Unsure n = 225 %, 95%CI 1 |
Odds Ratio No Controls 2 |
Odds Ratio Using Many Controls 1 |
| Sad, Hopeless for 2 Weeks |
20.8 (18.3, 23.4) |
50.3 (41.9, 58.7) |
OR: 3.8 p < 0.001 |
2.4 (1.7, 3.5) p < 0.001 |
| Considered Suicide |
9.6 (8.5, 10.7) |
33.5 (21.6, 45.3) |
OR: 5.2 p < 0.001 |
2.7 (1.6, 4.5) p < 0.001 |
| Planned Suicide |
9.7 (8.6, 10.8) |
26.8 (17.4, 36.2) |
OR: 3.4 p < 0.001 |
2.0 (1.2, 3.4) p < 0.05 |
| Attempted Suicide |
6.6 (5.5, 7.8) |
31.0 (22.5, 39.4) |
OR: 6.4 p < 0.001 |
3.5 (2.4, 5.2) p < 0.001 |
| Attempted, Received Medical Care |
3.1 (2.0, 4.1) |
10.5 (6.8, 14.2) |
OR: 3.7 p < 0.001 |
2.0 (1.1, 3.5) p < 0.05 |
Data Source: Jiang et al. (2010) 1. Reported by Study Authors. |
||||
| Rhode Island 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Sexual Orientation Related "Attempted Suicide" Results |
|||||
Categories |
n's |
% Attempted Suicide: All in Category |
% Attempted Suicide: Heterosexual |
% Attempted Suicide: GLBU |
% Attempters in Category = GLBU |
| All Students * |
1,874 |
177 / 1,874 = 9.4% |
115 / 1,685 = 6.8% |
62 / 189 = 32.8%, RR: 4.8 OR: 6.7 (4.6, 9.7) p < 0.000 |
62 / 177 = 35.0% |
| White Students * |
1,182 |
86 / 1,182 = 7.3% |
51 / 1,066 = 4.7% |
35 / 106 = 33.0%. RR: 7.0 OR: 9.8 (5.8, 16.5) p < 0.000 |
35 / 86 = 40.7% |
| Students Of Color ** |
692 |
91 / 692 = 13.1% |
64 / 609 = 10.5% |
27 / 83 = 32.5%, RR: 3.1 OR: 4.1 (2.3, 7.2) p < 0.000 |
27 / 91 = 29.7% |
| All Males * |
888 |
72 / 888 = 8.1% |
49 / 810 = 6.0% |
23 / 78 = 29.5%, RR: 4.9 OR: 6.5 (3.5, 11.8) p < 0.000 |
23 / 72 = 31.4% |
| White Males * |
549 |
30 / 549 = 5.5% |
21 / 514 = 4.1% |
9 / 35 = 25.7%, RR: 6.3 OR: 8.1 (3.1, 21.0) p < 0.000 |
9 / 30 = 30.0% |
| Males Of Color ** |
339 |
42 / 339 = 12.4% |
28 / 296 = 9.5% |
14 / 43 = 32.6%, RR: 3.4 OR: 4.6 (2.0, 10.4) p < 0.000 |
14 / 42 = 33.3% |
| All Females * |
981 |
104 / 981 = 10.6% |
66 / 872 = 7.6% |
38 / 109 = 34.9%, RR: 4.6 OR: 6.5 (4.0, 10.7) p < 0.000 |
38 / 104 = 36.5% |
| White Females * |
633 |
56 / 633 = 8.8% |
30 / 562 = 5.3% |
26 / 71 = 36.6%, RR: 6.9 OR: 10.2 (5.3, 19.6) p < 0.000 |
26 / 56 = 46.4% |
| Females Of Color ** |
348 |
48 / 348 = 13.8% |
36 / 310 = 11.6% |
12 / 38 = 31.6%, RR: 2.7 OR: 3.5 (1.5, 8.0) p = 0.002 |
12 / 48 = 25.0% |
|
|||||
| Massachussett's 2008 MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey: High Schools Sexual Minority Depression, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury & Suicidality |
|||
| Categories |
Hetero- sexual n = 18,795 93.7% |
Gay, Lesbian Bisexual & Unsure n = 1,261 6.3% |
* Odds Ratios: Compared to Heterosexual Students |
| Depression ** |
? % |
? % | 2.36 (1.97, 2.83) |
| Seriously Considered Suicide: Suicide Ideation |
? % | ? % | 3.43 (2.83, 4.16) |
| Non-Suicidal Self-Injury NSSI |
? % | ? % | 4.12 (3.42, 4.96) |
| Attempted Suicide |
? % | ? % | 5.17 (4.05, 6.60) |
| Attempted Suicide, Medical Treatment |
? % | ? % | 5.34 (3.69, 7.74) |
| Data Source: Kessel-Schneider et al. (2011-2012) * All Adjusted Odds Ratios: Controlling With Many Variables. ** All Variables for Past One Year Period. |
|||
| Adolescent Public School Surveys: Random / Near-Random "Attempted Suicide" Risk: Same-Sex Sexual Behavior, Sexual Fantasies or Romantic Attraction vs. Opposite-Sex Behavior, Attraction, Fantasies |
||||
| Study | Sexual Minority |
Others |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Grade - Age OR, (95% CI) Comments |
| Eisenberg & Resnick (2006) |
402 (M*) Same-Sex Partners |
1,135 (M) Only Opposite Sex Partners |
29.0% vs. 12.6% RR: 2.3 Lifetime |
2004 Minnesota Student Survey N = 21, 927. Grades 9 & 12 Sex Partners: In The Past Year Males: OR = 2.5 (2.1, 3.0) Females: OR = 2.6 (2.2, 3.2) ORs: Controlling for Demography |
| 409 (F*) Same-Sex Partners |
2,559 (F) Only Opposite Sex Partners |
52.4% vs. 24.8% RR: 2.1 Lifetime |
||
| Pinhey & Millman (2004) |
? 24 (M) Gay, Bisexual |
? 650 (M) |
? 44.0% vs. ? 14.5% |
2001Guam Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS): Grade 9 to 12, 2.9% White Males, OR = 5.0 (2.1, 11.8) Females, OR = 2.6 (1.2, 6.0) Unadjusted ORs: No Controls Other Results & Estimate (?) Problems |
| ? 25 (F) Lesbian, Bisexual |
? 682 (M) |
? 52.0% vs. ? 27.4% |
||
| Robin et al. (2002) |
585 (MF) Same-Sex Partners, Ever |
6,873 (MF) Opposite Sex Partner, Only |
** 32.0% vs. 11.9% RR: 2.7 12 Months |
1995 & 1997 Vermont YRBSs, Combined: Grade 9 to 12 OR = 4.0 (2.9, 5.6), With Controls |
| 228 (MF) Same-Sex Partners, Ever |
3,948 (MF) Opposite Sex Partner, Only |
** 36.5% vs. 12.4% - RR: 2.9 12 Months |
1995 & 1997 Massachusetts YRBSs, Combined: Grade 9 to 12 OR = 4.9 (2.8, 8.7), With Controls |
|
| 585 (MF) Same-Sex Partners, Ever |
6,873 (MF) Opposite Sex Partner, Only |
** 17.8% vs. 4.5% - RR: 3.9 Medical Care |
Attempted Suicide Resulting in Having Received Medical Care Past 12 Months (Vermont) OR = 4.8 (2.9, 8.0), With Controls |
|
| 228 (MF) Same-Sex Partners, Ever |
3,948 (MF) Opposite Sex Partner, Only |
** 20.5% vs. 4.5% - RR: 4.6 Medical Care |
Attempted Suicide Resulting in Having Received Medical Care Past 12 Months (Massachusetts) OR = 5.0 (2.7, 9.3), With Controls |
|
| Russell & Joyner (2001) |
453 (M) Same-Sex RA/Re |
5,233 (M) |
5.0% vs. 2.0% RR: 2.5 12 Months |
National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (1994-95) Same-Sex RA (Romantic Attraction) /Re (Relationships) Males - OR = 2.45 (1.5, 3.9) Females - OR = 2.48 (1.7, 3.6) ORs: Controlling for Demography |
| 414 (F) Same-Sex RA/Re |
5,840 (F) |
12.2% vs. 5.0% RR: 2.4 12 Months |
||
| Faulkner & Cranston (1998) |
105 (MF) Same-Sex Partners, Ever |
1,563 (MF) Opposite Sex Partner, Only |
27.5% vs. 13.4% RR: 2.0 |
1993 Massachusetts YRBS: Grade 9 to 12 - RR's Are Significant, p < 0.05 All Suicide Attempts & Attempt(s) With Associated Medical Care Occurred During The Last 12 Months |
| 20.0% vs. 4.7% RR: 4.3 - Medical Care Related |
||||
| Barney (2003) |
65 (M) Same-Sex Sex Fantasies Only |
4,254 (M) Opposite-Sex Sex Fantasies Only |
23.2% vs. 11.1% RR: 2.1 |
1988 Adolescent Health Survey: Grade 7 to 12 -USA Indian/Alaka Native Reservations. RR: p < 0.01 Additional Results |
| Other Studies |
Sexual
minority suicidality results from many other large scale adolescent
surveys - especially Youth Risk Behavior Surveys - have been reported
in
non-peer-reviewed venues such as reports and web pages. Some of these
results are given on another Web Page
and show that, generally, sexual minority adolescents are at increasing
risk for the more serious suicide behavior, compared to other
adolescents. Summaries of suicidality results for adolescent school
surveys are located here. |
|||
| ** Not Given. Estimate Made From Given Data. "RR" = Risk Ratio. "OR" = Odds Ratio All RRs or ORs are Statistically Significant, Except for "ns" = Not Statistically Significant. * M = Males - F = Females |
||||
| 2001 Guam Youth Risk Behavior Survey Suicidality Results Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual vs. Other Adolescents Pinhey & Millman (2004) Study |
||||
| Categories |
N's All |
N's 1 Respon- ders |
Attempted Suicide |
Odds Ratios, (95%CI) Unadjusted / Adjusted |
| All (Ethnicities) |
1,381 |
? |
? |
|
| All Males |
674 | ? |
14.5% |
|
| Males: Gay & Bisexual |
24 2 |
? |
44.0% 3 |
Greater Risk for Attempting Suicide: Gay/Bisexual Males vs. Other Males OR = 2.45 (1.5, 3.9), No Controls OR = 5.1 (1.6, 15.5), 8 Control Variables |
| Males, Others |
650 2 | ? |
14.5% 3 | |
| All Females |
707 2 | ? |
28.2% |
|
| Females: Lesbian & Bisexual |
25 2 | ? |
52.0% 3 | Greater Risk for Attempting Suicide: Lesbian & Bisexual Females vs. Other Females OR = 2.48 (1.7, 3.6), No Controls OR = 2.2 (0.84, 5.6), 8 Control Variables, ns |
| Females, Others |
682 2 | ? |
27.4% 3 | |
| 1.
The number for students who responded to both the "sexual orientation"
and "attempted suicide" questions are not given. 2. Estimated from given proportion of student population that gay/bisexual (3.5% of males) and lesbian/bisexual (3.5% of females). Nonresponders likely and numbers may be less. 3. Estimated using given Ns (assuming no nonresponders) for population/subpopulation and numbers of attempters by using a a 2X2 Computation Table. That is, placing varying number estimates in 2X2 table to produce ORs for males and females (Attempted Suicide Risk, Sexual Minority vs. others, for each sex) that are as close as possible to the given ORs, without controls having been used to generate them. Ethnicity: 'Self-reported ethnicity consists of Chamorros (53.3% of the sample), Filipinos (25.9%), Asians (5.9%), Micronesians (7.2%), whites (2.9%), and other ethnicities (4.8%). The Asian category includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Korean respondents. The Micronesian category includes Chuukese, Yapese, Korean, Pohnpeian, and Palauan respondents. The ‘‘other ethnicity’’ category includes African Americans, Hispanics, and other Pacific Islanders.' (Pinhey & Brown, 2005) |
||||
| 1988 Adolescent Health Survey: Grade 7 to 12 USA Indian / Alaska Native Reservations |
|||
| Sexual Fantasies |
Opposite- Sex Only |
Same-Sex Only |
Both- Sex |
| Lifetime Attempted Suicide Incidence, Males |
11.7% (n = 515) |
25.0% (n = 17) |
10.9% (n = 21) |
| Lifetime Attempted Suicide. Incidence, Females |
25.2% (n = 925) |
15.1% (n = 14) |
16.8% (n = 83) |
|
Data Supplied by Borowski et al. (1999). Analysis for Same- vs. Opposite Sex Fantasies Males carried out by Barney (2003) who gives the "Sexual Fantasy" question: “When you think or daydream about sex, do you think about males, females, or both?” Note: Bisexual males not at risk. Homosexual/Bisexual Females at Lesser Risk than Heterosexual Females. But replication studies never carried out since 1988. |
|||
| "Attempted Suicide" Risk: Random Samples, North America Homosexually vs. Heterosexually Oriented Adults |
||||
| Study |
Sample Size (N) GLB |
Compa- rison Group |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling Information Age Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
| Bagley & Tremblay (1997) |
82 (M*) Homosexual, or Bisexual or Same-Sex Sex, Past 6 Months |
668 (M) Heterosexual, With No Same-Sex Sex, Past 6 Months |
6.1% (5 / 82) vs. 0.45% (3 / 668) Lifetime |
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Stratified Random Sample: 1992 Lifetime Attempted Suicide (Serious) Males, 18 to 27 years OR = 14.4 (3.4, 61.4) |
| Cochran & Mays (2000) |
78 (M) Reporting Lifetime Male Sex Partner(s) |
3,214 (M) Reporting Only Lifetime Female Sex Partners |
19.3% vs. 3.6% (Weighted) Lifetime |
USA: NHANES III Survey: 1988/94 Complex, multistage USA sample, civilian noninstitutionalized population. Subsample: Men, 17 to 39 Years OR = 6.45 (2.7, 15.2) OR = 5.36 (2.2, 13.0), With Demographic Control Variables |
| Gilman et al. (2001) |
74 (M) Reporting Male Sex Partner(s) Past 5 Years |
2,310 (M) Reporting Only Female Sex Partner(s) Past 5 Years |
(Weighted) Lifetime |
National Comorbidity Survey: 1992 Complex, multistage USA sample. Age = 15 to 54 Years. OR = 2.4 (1.0, 5.8), With Demographic Control Variables |
| 51 (F*) Reporting Female Sex Partner(s) Past 5 Years |
2,475 (F) Reporting Only Male Sex Partner(s) Past 5 Years |
(Weighted) Lifetime |
National Comorbidity Survey: 1992 Complex, multistage USA sample. Age = 15 to 54 Years. OR = 1.5 (0.7, 3.4), With Demographic Control Variables |
|
| Paul et al. (2002) Additional Results |
2,881 (M*) 93% Mostly Gay, Homosexual or Bisexual Identified MSM: Men Who Have Sex With Men |
None |
12%: Lifetime 8%: Before Age of 25 Years |
Random (Telephone): New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco. Age Range: 18 to 70+ Years 75% of males first attempted suicide before the age of 25 years. |
| Cochran et al. (2007) N = 4,649 > = 18 Years Latino & Asian. National Household NLAAS Survey |
84 (M): GB Identified or Same-Sex Sex, Past year |
1,982 |
8.0% vs. 2.3% Lifetime RR = 3.5 |
0.86<3.37<13.21 Weighted, With Controls, ns |
| 84 (M) | 1,982 |
2.4% vs. 0.3 Past Year RR = 8 |
1.63<6.43<25.36 Weighted, With Controls |
|
| 161 (F) LB Identified or Same-Sex Sex, Past year | 2,271 |
8.5% vs. 5.2% Lifetime RR = 1.6 |
0.79<1.71<3.71 Weighted, With Controls, ns |
|
| 161 (F) | 2,271 |
2.4 vs. 0.6 Past Year RR = 4 |
0.84<4.98<29.33 Weighted, With Controls, ns |
|
| Silenzio et al. (2007) |
GLB 176 (M) 271 (F) |
Heterosexual & Mostly Heterosexual Identified 6,535 (M) 7,207 (F) |
4.9% vs. 1.6% Past Year |
National
Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: 14,322 (MF). GLB = bisexual,
mostly homosexual, or exclusively homosexual identified. Age = 18 to 26 years. Attempted suicide in the past 12 months. OR: 1.4<3.0<6.2, controlling for race, gender, and age. |
| Steele et al. (2009) Women |
Homosexual N = 354, 0.57% Bisexual N = 424, 0.69% |
Heterosexual N = 60,937, 98.4% |
Homosexual 29.5% vs.9.6% OR: 3.9 Bisexual 45.4% vs. 9.6% OR : 5.9 |
Canadian
Community Health Survey: cycle 2.1, 2003 national population-based
survey designed to gather health data on a representative sample of
over 135,000 Canadians. Women in Analysis: N = 61,715, 18-59 Years Men in Analysis: 49,901, 18-59 Years Only Suicidality Question asked: ‘‘Have you ever seriously considered committing suicide or taking your own life?’’ Unadjusted Odds Ratios Given. See Adjusted Odds Ratios: Table Below. |
| Brennan et al. (2010) Men |
Homosexual 1.3% Bisexual 0.6% |
Heterosexual 98.1% |
Homosexual 25.2% vs. 7.4% OR : 4.2 Bisexual 34.8% vs. 7.4% OR : 6.7 |
|
| VanKim & Padilla (2010) | (M) (F) Gay / Lesbian Attempted, Yes, n = 13 |
(M) (F) Heterosexual Attempted, Yes, n = 263 |
23.7% vs. 5.3% OR: 5.5 |
New Mexico: The 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey. See Two Tables Below: For Results, Males & Females, Separated. Also See Results for Depression and Suicide Ideation, Gay/Lesbian & Bisexual, and also Separated by Sex. |
| (M) (F) Bisexual Attempted, Yes, n = 11 |
(M) (F) Heterosexual Attempted, Yes, n = 263 |
22.7% vs. 5.3% OR: 5.2 |
||
| Bolton & Sareen (2011) Men |
Gay: 1.31% |
Heterosexual 97.65% |
9.8% vs. 2.1% OR: 2.3<4.4<8.6 |
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Wave 2 (Canada, 2004-2005): Men (N = 14.481) & Women (N = 19,896). Reported Odds Ratios, Using Demographic Control Variables. More Results: Tables Below: Men. Women. |
| Bisexual: 0.56% |
10.0% vs. 2.1% OR: 1.9<4.4<10.3 |
|||
| Unsure: 0.48% |
8.5% vs. 2.1% OR: 1.2<3.4<9.3 |
|||
| Bolton & Sareen (2011) Women |
Lesbian: 0.73% |
Heterosexual: 97.95% |
10.9% vs. 4.2% OR: 1.6<3.0<5.5 |
|
| Bisexual: 0.81% |
24.4% vs. 4.2% OR: 3.7<5.9<9.3 |
|||
| Unsure: 0.51% |
9.9% vs. 4.2% OR: 0.7<2.3<7.3 |
|||
| * M = Males - F = Females -- ** RR = Risk Ratio, Estimated - "ns" = Not Statistically Significant | ||||
| National Canadian Community Health Survey (2003) Results for "Seriously Considered Suicide," Lifetime |
||||||
| Study |
Homo- sexual |
Bisexual |
Hetero- sexual |
Homosexual vs. Hetero- sexual * |
Bisexual vs. Hetero- sexual * |
Study Information |
| Steele et al. (2009) Women |
Homosexual N = 354, 0.7% |
Bisexual N = 424, 0.9% |
Heterosexual N = 60,937 |
29.5% vs. 9.6% OR 1: 3.9 OR 2: 1.9<3.5<6.6 |
45.4% vs. 9.6% OR 1: 7.8 OR 2: 3.0<5.9<11.8 |
Canadian
Community Health Survey: cycle 2.1, a 2003 national population-based
survey designed to gather health data on a representative sample of
over 135,000 Canadians. Women in Study: N = 61,715, 18-59 Years. In OR Analysis: 23,729. Men in Study: 49,901, 18-59 Years Only Suicidality Question asked: ‘‘Have you ever seriously considered committing suicide or taking your own life?’’ |
| Brennan et al. (2010) Men |
Homosexual 1.3% |
Bisexual 0.6% |
Heterosexual 98.1% |
25.2% vs. 7.4% OR 1: 4.2 OR 2: 2.1<4.1<8.0 |
34.8% vs. 7.4% OR 1: 6.7 OR 2: 2.1<6.3<19.1 | |
* For Having Seriously Considered Suicide in Lifetime.
Sexual Orientation Question: Do you consider yourself to be: 1. ... heterosexual? (sexual relations with people of the opposite sex)
- 2. ... homosexual, that is lesbian or gay? (sexual relations with
people of your own sex)
- 3. ... bisexual? (sexual relations with people of both sexes)
Comment:
As a rule in studies, homosexually oriented individuals have been at
greater risk for the more serious suicidal behaviors, with ORs being
about 1.5 to 7.0 for "seriously considering suicide" and OR being
about 2 to 14 for "having attempted suicide, with such outcomes
differences especially applying for males. See Related Webpage.
It is therefore possible, and especially for homosexually oriented men, that - had "attempted suicide" information been solicited in the study, the ORs for Homosexual / Bisexual men having attempted suicide, compared to Heterosexual men, would have been greater than those noted above for 'had seriously considered suicide in their lifetime'. |
||||||
| National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Wave 2 (Canada, 2004-2005): Men |
|||||
| Categories |
Hetero- sexual |
Gay |
Bisex- ual |
Not Sure |
Study Information |
| N |
14,109 |
190 |
81 |
101 |
Survey Response Rate = 70.2% For Wave 2 Survey, Wave 1 : 2001-2001. Demographic Variables: age, marital status, education, household income, race/ethnicity, region of residence, and urban/city. Mental Disorders, Lifetime: Mood & Anxiety Disorders, Any Substance Use Disorder, Any Cluster A or C personality disorder, Any Cluster B personality disorder, and Schizophrenia, psychotic illness, or episode |
| % of Total = 14.481 ** |
97.4% |
1.3% |
0.56% |
0.70% |
|
| Attempted Suicide, Lifetime / 95% CI, Not Adjusted |
2.1% 1.8–2.5 |
9.8% * 5.7–16.4 |
10.0% * 4.9–19.4 |
8.5% * 3.5–19.4 |
|
| Odd Ratios, Not Adjusted ** |
Reference Category |
5.1 * |
5.2 * |
4.3 * |
|
| Odd Ratios, Adjusted for Demographic Variables |
Reference Category |
4.4 * 2.3–8.6 |
4.4 * 1.9–10.3 |
3.4 * 1.2–9.3 |
|
| Odd Ratios, Adjusted for Demographic Variables & Mental Disorders, 96% CI |
Reference Category |
2.27 ns (0.99–5.21) |
2.92 * (1.12–7.63) |
1.55 ns (0.51–4.68) |
|
Data Source: Bolton & Sareen (2011) * Statistically Significant. - ns: Not Statistically Significant Calculated by Web Page Author |
|||||
| National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Wave 2 (Canada, 2004-2005): Women |
|||||
| Categories |
Hetero- sexual |
Lesbian |
Bisex- ual |
Not Sure |
S |