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Highest "Attempted Suicide" Incidences Among Sexual Minority Groups |
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"While interventions aimed at addressing
suicide risk factors for all youth are being
implemented and many have proven effective in the
general population, no evidence- based intervention
currently exists to reduce suicide risk within [the
LGBT] population." Marshall A (2016).
Suicide Prevention Interventions for Sexual &
Gender Minority Youth: An Unmet Need. Yale
Journal of Biology and Medicine, 89: 205-213.
PDF Download. A World First! - - Jacobs R, Morris S (2016). National LGBTI Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Strategy: A New Strategy for Inclusion and Change: An Australian Government initiative. Related Article. Document PDF Download. |
Webpages Available At Website |
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Suicide Risk: Transsexual
Populations |
||
Study |
Transsexual
Suicide Risk Factors |
Study Information |
Asscheman et al. (1989) |
303
Male-to-Female Transsexuals (MtF) Suicide: 3 (0.63-8.8) vs. 0.208 Age When Hormone Treatment Began: Median: 32.0 Years, Range: 16-67 Attempted suicide by MtF before the start of sex reassignment treatment: 14% 122 Female-to-Male Transsexuals (FtM) No Suicides Age When Hormone Treatment Began: Median: 25.4 Years, Range: 16-54 |
425
Transsexual Patients With Cross-Gender Hormone Treatment (1972-1986, Free University Hospital clinic, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).Compared With Average Population. "The observed and the expected mortalities in male to-female transsexuals treated with estrogens and cyproterone acetate are shown in Table 1. The total number of deaths in the treatment group represented a 2.5- to 9-fold increase over the general population. The increased mortality was in particular due to an increase of suicides and of deaths by unknown cause." "The increased number of deaths by unknown cause does raise concern. Two of these three deaths might have been suicide, according to friends and relatives." |
van Kesteren et al. (1997) |
SMR: Standard
Mortality Ratio (MtF) Suicide Risk Compared to Average Population: 13 Suicides - SMR: 4.9<9.3<15.9. No Suicide: Female to Male (FtM) Transsexuals. Attempted suicide by MtF before the start of sex reassignment treatment: ? %. After? |
Suicide Risk in 816
Male-to-Female Transsexuals Treated With Oestrogens and Anti-Androgens at Free University Hospital clinic (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) from 1977 to 1994. Mean Age (MtF): 41 (18-860 Years Mean Age (FtM, N = 282): 34 (17-70) Years |
Dhejne et al. (2011) |
Adjusted
Hazard Ratios (aHR) Suicide: 19.1 (5.8–62.9) - 1973 to 2003 Attempted Suicide 4.9 (2.9–8.5) - 1973 to 2003 7.9 (4.1–15.3) - 1973 to 1988 2.0 (0.7–5.3) - 1989 to 2003 |
324
sex-reassigned persons (191 male-to-females:
MtF, 133 female-to-males: FtM) in Sweden, 1973–2003. Study Entry Age: MtF: 36.3 (10.1, 21–69), FtM: 33.3 (8.7, 20–62) Random population controls (10:1) matched for birth year and sex (Table 2). Outcomes: Post Sex-reassignment Hazard Ratios Calculated on basis of Outcome incidence rates per 1000 person-years, 1973–2003 |
Adjusted
Hazard Ratios (aHR), 95% CI Suicide MtF (N=191): 13.9 (3.9-49.6) FtM (N=133) 40.0 (4.5-357.9) MtF & MtF (N=324) 19.1 (6.5-55.9) Attempted Suicide MtF (N=191): 15.4 (7.9-30.2) FtM (N=133) 2.9 (1.3-6.8) MtF & MtF (N=324) 7.6 (4.7-12.4) |
Matched
With Birth Sex and Birth Year: Table S1 (Separate Download) Outcomes: Post Sex-reassignment Hazard Ratios Calculated on basis of Outcome incidence rates per 1000 person-years, 1973–2003 |
|
Adjusted
Hazard Ratios (aHR), 95% CI Suicide MtF (N=191): 60.0 (7.2-498.4) FtM (N=133) 5.4 (1.6-18.6) MtF & MtF (N=324) 12.1 (4.8-30.8) Attempted Suicide MtF (N=191): 10.9 (5.9-20.0) FtM (N=133) 4.9 (2.0-12.1) MtF & MtF (N=324) 8.4 (5.1-13.8) |
Matched
With Final Sex and Birth Year:
Table S2 (Separate Download) Outcomes: Post Sex-reassignment Hazard Ratios Calculated on basis of Outcome incidence rates per 1000 person-years, 1973–2003 |
|
Asscheman et al. (2011) |
SMR (Standard
Mortality Rate) for Suicide: MtF: n = 17 Suicides SMR: 5.70 (4.93–6.54), 95% CI FtM: n = 1 Suicide SMR: 2.22 (0.53–6.18), 95% CI ( Related Article) |
Netherlands: VU University
Medical Center All transsexual subjects referred to our outpatient department since 1975. 966 (72.6%) MtF transsexuals, with a mean age of 31.4 years at the start of cross-sex hormones (range: 16–76 years), with 18 678 patient-years of follow-up, and 365 (27.4%) FtM transsexuals, with a mean age 26.1 years (range: 16–57 years) at the start of hormone therapy with 6866 patient-years of follow-up. |
Blosnich et al. (2014a) |
"The
study population consisted of VHA patients
identified as having any one of four diagnosis
codes indicating transgender status (n =
5,117) gathered from the VA National Patient
Care Database. Mortality data were gathered
from the National Death Index from 2000–2009
for 1,277 veterans with transgender-related
ICD-9-CM diagnoses." |
"Approximately
9.3% (n = 309) veterans with
transgender-related ICD-9-CM diagnoses died
across the study period... The crude suicide
rate among veterans with transgender-related
ICD-9-CM diagnoses across the 10-year period
was approximately 82/100,000 person-years,
which approximated the crude suicide death
rates for other serious mental illness in VHA
(e.g., depression, schizophrenia). The average
age of suicide decedents was 49.4 years... The
crude suicide rate among veterans with
transgender-related ICD-9-CM diagnoses is
higher than in the general population, and
they may be dying by suicide at younger ages
than their veteran peers without
transgender-related ICD-9-CM diagnoses. Future
research, such as age-adjusted rates or
accounting for psychiatric co-morbidities,
will help to better clarify if the all-cause
and suicide mortality rates are elevated for
veterans with transgender-related ICD-9-CM
diagnoses." |
* MtF: Male to Female - FtM: Female to Male |
"Attempted
Suicide" Incidences/Risks Transgender (TG) Populations: 2000 to 2017 |
||||
Study |
Sample Size (N) TG |
Compa- rison Group |
Attempted Suicide % (n / N) |
Sampling
Information Risk Ratio, p Odd Ratios, Specified |
Xavier (2000) Washington D.C. |
252 *MTF: 189 |
None |
16% |
70%
African-American, 22% Latino/a, 8% Others. Age Range: 13 to 61 Years Nearly 80% = 36 years and under |
** Nemoto (2001) San Francisco |
MTF: 245 |
None |
32% |
MTF Of
Color |
? |
51% |
African
American |
||
? |
31% |
Latina |
||
? |
18% |
Asian / Pacific Islander | ||
Nemoto et al. (2002) San Francisco |
MTF: 332 |
None |
29% |
MTF Of
Color ***8 |
112 |
41% |
African American - Mean Age: 36.5*** | ||
110 |
45% |
Latina - Mean Age: 32.9 | ||
110 |
15% |
Asian/Pacific Islander - Mean Age: 32.9 | ||
Mathy (2002b) Additional Results North American |
73 TG 61 TG = Canadians 12 TG = Americans |
1,083 |
23.3% vs 11.4% |
TG vs.
Random Heterosexual Females 2.9, p < .01 |
1,077 |
23.3% vs 5.0 |
TG vs.
Random Heterosexual Males 4.7, p < .001 |
||
73 |
23.3% vs 11.0% |
TG vs.
Matched Females 2.1, p < .05 |
||
73 |
23.3% vs 4.1% |
TG vs.
Matched Males 5.7, p < .001 |
||
256 |
23.3% vs 16.0% |
TG vs.
Random Homosexual Females 1.5, ns |
||
356 |
23.3% vs 8.7% |
TG vs.
Random Homosexual Males 2.7, p < .001 |
||
Kenagy (2005) Philadelphia |
All MTF:
182 |
None |
30.1% | Volunteers:
Face-to-Face Interview or Questionnaire - 41.3: African American, 33.0% white, 10.1% multiracial, 6.1& Hispanic, 5.6% biracial, 3.9% others. See also: Kenagy (1998) |
MTF: 113 |
32.4% |
|||
* FTM: 69 |
26.2% |
|||
Operario & Nemoto (2005) San Francisco |
MTF: 110 Asian Pacific Islanders |
None |
15% Same Sample as in Nemoto et al. (2002) |
Volunteers:
San Francisco **** Mean Age: 33, Range: 18 to 57 Years 46% of FTM = Filipino, 9% Laotian, 7% Vietnamese, 4% Hawaiian, remainder identifying as other Asian/PI ethnicities. |
Clements- Nolle et al. (2006) San Francisco Additional Results |
All TG:
515 |
None |
32.2% |
63.7%
Non-White, 36.3% White |
MTF: 391 |
MTF vs. FTM |
32.5% |
OR = 1.04
(0.67, 1.6) ns, No Controls OR = 1.1 (0.59, 1.9), 9 Controls |
|
FTM: 123 |
31.7% |
|||
White:
188 |
White vs. Non- White |
37.8% | OR = 1.5 (1.02, 2.2), No
Controls OR = 1.5 (0.92, 2.4), 9 Controls |
|
Others: 323 |
28.8% |
|||
< 25
Yrs: 66 |
< 25 vs 25 + Yrs |
47.0% |
OR = 2.1 (1.2, 3.5), No Controls OR = 2.17 (1.17, 4.01), 9 Controls |
|
25+ Yrs: 449 | 30.1% | |||
Zians (2006) |
TG: 136 |
None |
17.6% (24 / 136) |
San
Diego, California Mean Age: 38.3 (SD: 13.1) Age Range: 9 to 79 Years 48.3% White, 16.2% Latino, 14% African American, 10.3% Biracial |
Kim
et. al. (2006) |
MTF: 43 |
49
Matched non-FTMs |
62.8% (27 / 43) |
Presenting
at compulsory military service in 3 Korean
Cities. Age Range: 19 to 23 Years |
Taylor (2006) |
TG: 73 |
None |
28% |
Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada 49 Born Male, 21 Born Female, 3 Intersexed. 20 Aboriginal Age Range: 18 to 60+ |
Grossman & D'Augelli (2007) |
31 MTF Mean Age: 17.5 |
None |
6 / 31 19.3% |
Volunteer Sample via two New
York City GLBT Community Service
Organizations. Age: 15-21 years Suicide Attempters were asked where, how, why, and lethality of suicide attempt(s) also determined. 50% Attempted at Age 15-16 years, Age Range: 10-17 Years. Note: These are serious suicide attempts as determined for GLB youth by D'Augelli et al. (2005): For NYC similarly sampled GLB Individuals, Attempted Suicide Incidence = 14.8% |
24 FTM Mean Age: 19.5 |
None |
8 / 24 33.3% |
||
Xavier et al. (2007) |
MTF & FTM N = 350 |
None |
25.4% |
'With participants from 60 of
the 136 cities and counties in the State of
Virginia, this is the first truly statewide
needs assessment survey of a transgender
population in the U.S.' *Not given and cannot be calculated exactly from given results. Note: Same sample as Testa et al. (2012) & Goldblum et al (2012) below |
MTF n = 229 |
None |
<
25.4%* |
||
FTM n = 121 |
None |
>
25.4%* |
||
Malavé Lebrón & González Rivera (2009) |
MTF n = 31 |
None |
8 / 31 = 25.8% |
Puerto
Rico Volunteer transgender - transsexual (masculine to feminine). Ages of 20-45 years (MD= 29 years). |
McNeil et al. (2012) |
MTF, FTM
+ N = 581 ? |
None |
35% Once. 25% More Than Once. |
See
Information Table Below. |
Testa et al. (2012) |
MTF & FTM N = 350 Study Sample: 271 |
None |
- |
Odds Ratio, having attempted
suicide if also exposed to physical violence: FTM OR: 5.1 -- MTF OR: 3.5 Odds Ratio, having attempted suicide if also exposed to physical violence: FTM OR: 5.0 -- MTF OR: 3.6 Note: Same online sample as Xavier et al. (2007) above & Goldblum et al (2012) below. State of Virginia study sample. |
MTF n = 179 |
None |
26.3% |
||
FTM n = 92 |
None |
34.0% |
||
Goldblum et al. (2012) |
MTF & FTM N = 350 Study Sample: 290 |
None |
28.5% |
Odds Ratio, having attempted
suicide if also exposed to in-school
gender-based victimization (GBV).: FTM OR: 4.5 -- MTF OR: 3.1 Note: Same online sample as Xavier et al. (2007) & Testa et al (2012) above. State of Virginia study sample. |
MTF |
None |
26.5% |
||
FTM |
None |
31/2% |
||
Nuttbrock et al. (2010) |
All MTF N = 571 |
- |
- |
MTFs recruited in conjunction
with the baseline component of the New York
Transgender Project, a large ongoing study of
this population in the New York Metropolitan
Area. Ages = 19 to 59, mean age = 37. |
Younger: 19-39 Years |
None |
31.2% |
||
Older: 39-59 Years |
None |
28.0% |
||
Maguen & Shipherd (2010) |
All: 153 |
None |
18% 27 / 153 |
American Transgender
participants (N = 153), 18-75 years, recruited
at First Event, a regional transgender
conference sponsored by the Tiffany Club of
New England on January16 and 17, 2004. |
Trans Men MTF |
None |
41% 9 / 22 |
||
Trans
Women FTM |
None |
20% 12 / 60 |
||
Bigender |
None |
9% 3 of 32 |
||
male
crossdressers |
None |
7% 2 / 28 |
||
Grant
et al. (2010) |
All:
6,450 Transgender |
None |
41% |
American:
Internet Sample "Attempted Suicide" Results by Age Groups, Employment Status and Race/Ethnicity See Table Below. Discrimination Results by Herman et al (2014): Table Below. For suicidality results related to many demographic factors, see: Haas et al (2014).. |
Scanlon
et al. (2010) Bauer et al. (2013) |
All: 433 Transgender |
None |
Attempted Suicide: Lifetime: 43% Past year: 10% |
Ontario,
Canada Sample: Trans PULSE Survey. See Additional Suicidality Results, Including :"Attempted Suicide" Incidences as related to age and having experienced verbal or physical assault: Table Below. |
Bauer
et al. (2015) |
All: 380 Transgender |
None |
Attempted Suicide: Past year: 11,2% |
Same
non-random study sample as above: Scanlon et
al (2010) & Bauer et al. 2013). Analysis
to identify suicidality related factors that
could be targeted in suicide prevention
efforts. |
Terada et al. (2011) |
MTF N = 189 |
None |
31.7%:
See "Suicidality Variable" |
Study Sample: 500 consecutive
Japanese GID patients without any other
psychiatric comorbidity at outpatient GID
Clinic of Okayama University Hospital. GID: Gender Identity Disorder. "Suicidality Variable": Self-mutilation including suicide attempts. Risk Factors: Early onset and less education. |
FTM N = 311 |
None |
31.8%: See "Suicidality Variable" |
||
Effrig et al. (2011) |
Transgender, Combined, 2 Study Samples: 32 Clinical, 65 Nonclinical. Total = 97 |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: 8.4%, men & Women, Clinical Sample. 4.9%, men & Women, Nonclinical Sample. |
Transgender Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 25.7% 27 / 97 |
Nonclinical
Participants: random national sample of 21,
686 college students. Average age of
participants: 22 years (SD = 9.52). Clinical Sample Participants: 27,616 college students who sought counseling services at one of 66 CCMH counseling centers. |
Singh (2012) |
48 GID
Males (of 139 GID Males) who had related data. |
None |
Attempted Suicide Since the Age of 13 Years: 15 / 48 31.2% |
The
participants were biological males referred to
and then assessed in the Gender Identity
Service, Child, Youth, and Family Program at
the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
(CAMH) in Toronto, Ontario during their
childhood and were adolescents or adults at
the time of follow-up. Data collection
occurred over three decades, 1986-2011. |
Jones & Hillier (2013) |
91 Trans-spectrum Youth. 1,265 Cisgender SSAY: Same Sex Attracted Youth. Age Range: 14 to 21 Average: 17 Years |
Cisgender 30.12% |
Trans- Spectrum Lifetime Self-Harm 46.15% p < 0.01 |
“Writing Themselves In”
2010: an Australian online survey. 91
trans-spectrum youth: 43 elected their sex as “Gender Queer,” 21 as “Transgender f-m,” 18 as “Trans-gender m-f,” and 9 as “Other.” The 3,043 cisgender SSAY youth: 1,265 were males (vast majority described themselves as gay/homosexual), 1,766 females with identifications more evenly divided between bisexual and gay/homosexual). |
Cisgender 16.10% |
Trans- Spectrum Lifetime Attempted Suicide 27.47% p < 0.01 |
|||
Blosnich et al. (2013) |
GID Diagnosed VHA Population. |
General
VHA Population. [USA Veteran Health Adminis-tration] |
GID: Suicide- Related Events = Planning Suicide, Attempting Suicide. |
"GID
prevalence in the VHA is higher (22.9/100 000
persons) than are previous estimates of GID in
the general US population (4.3/100 000
persons). The rate of suicide-related events
among GID-diagnosed VHA veterans was more than
20 times higher than were rates for the
general VHA population." |
Moody
& Smith (2013) |
133 Transgender Adults |
None |
26.3% 35 / 133 Attempted Suicide, Lifetime |
Internet
Sampling: Recruitment e-mails sent to possible
participants via LGBT and trans LISTSERVs and
organizations: September 2010 to February
2011. 133 Volunteer Canadian
Participants, self-identified as trans adults,
ranging in age from 18 to 75 years (M=36.75,
SD=13.01). |
Boza
& Perry (2014) |
255 Transgender Adults |
None |
43.6% 106 / 243 Attempted Suicide, Lifetime |
Internet
Non-Random Sampling; Online Study
Advertisements & Snowballing for
Australian Transgender Residents. Sample: 87 Born Female. 168 Born Male. Mean Age: 38.15 years (SD = 13.56, range = 18–73). Participants were predominantly of Oceanic (60.9%) or European (33.3%) ethnicity. |
Clark et al. (2014) |
Transgender n = 83 to 95. |
Non- Transgender: Attempted Suicide: 315 / 7,678 = 4.1% |
Transgender: Attempted Suicide: 19 / 95 = 19.8% Odds Ratio: 5.0 (2.9-8.8) |
Youth’12:
a national, crosssectional, population-based
survey: secondary school youth health, New
Zealand. Self-Harm: 45.5% vs. 23.4%. OR: 2.7 (1.7-4.3). Depression: 41.3% vs. 11,8% OR: 5.7 (3.6-9.2) |
de Bolger et al. (2014) |
Trans Men n = 230 Female at birth. |
None |
Attempted Suicide: 79 / 222 = 35.1% Self-Harm 150 / 222 = 67.6% |
Australian
trans men aged 16 years and over. Recruited
via gender centres, gender clinics, and
government and non-government organisations.
Survey completed online. Age range = 16 to 64
years. Mean = 30.5 years. |
Reisner et al. (2014) |
Transgender n =31 |
Cisgender n = 2,622 Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 8.5% |
Transgender Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 29.0% |
Results
from the Core Data Project survey of patients
engaged in medical care from 2001–2002 at
Fenway Community Health Center (FCHC) in
Boston, Massachusetts. |
Reisner et al. (2015) |
Transgender n =31 |
Cisgender n = 180 Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 6.1% |
Transgender Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 17.2% RR, With Controls: 3.2 (1.5-6.7) |
A retrospective cohort study of electronic health record data from 180 transgender patients aged 12-29 years seen between 2002 and 2011 at at the Fenway Community Health Center (FCHC) in Boston, Massachusetts. Transgender compared with matched cisgender (nontransgender) youth patients. |
Veale et al. (2015) |
923 Trans Youth: 14 to 25 Years Old |
None |
Suicidality,
past 12 months, younger youth (14-18 years old): Attempted suicide: 37% Had seriously considered suicide: 65% Lifetime suicidality, older youth (19-25 years old): Attempted suicide: 37% Had seriously considered suicide: 65% |
Youth
could participate in the study if they were
between 14 and 25 years old, lived in Canada,
and identified as trans or genderqueer, or
felt their gender didn’t match their body. The
survey was open from October 1, 2013 to May
31, 2014.Volunteer study participant: 923
youth, average age = 20 years old, 70% white.
Overall, 1 in 10 participants identified as
Aboriginal, which included First Nations,
Inuit, and Métis. This number was much higher
in the Prairie Provinces. Same study sample as Veale et al. (2017). |
Guzmán- Parra (2015) |
MTF n=101 FTM n = 96 |
None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: 21.8%, MTF Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 24.0%, FTM |
Study of
the sociodemographic characteristics and the
psychological adjustment of transsexuals in
Andalusia (Spain), with an analysis of the
differences between female-to-male (FtM) and male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals. The sample was selected from patients attending theTGIU [Transsexuality and Gender Identity Unit (TGIU) at the Carlos Haya Hospital in Malaga] who met the Transsexualism criteria for the ICD-10 (F64.0) standards and did not meet any of the exclusion criteria for sex reassignment set by the unit. |
Marshall et al. (2015-16) |
Transwomen n = 438 Transwomen n = 44 N = 482 |
None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: Transwomen 141 / 438 = 25,1% Transmen 18/ 44 = 40.9% All: 159 / 482 = 33.0% |
Non-random
- as representative as possible - nation-wide,
cross-sectional 2013 survey of transgender
individuals living in Argentina. Median Age = 30 Years |
Perez-Brumer et`al. (2015) |
MTF n = 697 FTM n = 532 All: N = 1,229 |
None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: 355 / 1,097 = 32.4% Attempted Suicide, Past Year 51 / 796 = 6.4% |
2003
cross-sectional Internet-based health
assessment of American transgender adults. Only 1,097 transgender individuals supplied lifetime suicidality information. Only 796 transgender individuals supplies past-year suicidality information. |
Olsen et al. (2015) |
MTF n = 50 FTM n = 51 All: N = 101 |
None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: Transfeminine 27% Transmasculine 33% |
Baseline
Characteristics, Trans-gender Youth Seeking
Care for Gender Dysphoria in Los Angeles. Mean
Ages: Transfeminine (19.8 Years),
Transmasculine (18.6 Years). |
Brown et al. (2015) |
Transgender n = 5,135 |
Non- transgender n = 15,405 Suicide Ideation and/or Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 4.5% |
Suicide
Ideation and/or Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 19.4% ORs, Not Adjusted / Adjusted: 5.22 (4.7–5.8) 4.10 (3.7–4.6) |
Study of
a cohort of 5,135 TG veterans treated in the
Veterans Health Administration (VHA) between
1996 and 2013. A matched 1:3
case–control design used to determine medical
and/or mental health disparities existing in
the TG veteran population. See Brown et al. (2014) for Transgender White / Black Veterans' Suicide Ideation and/or Attempted Suicide Incidences: 19.2% / 21.2% |
Su et
al. (2016) |
Transgender n = 85 |
LGB Nontrans- gender n = 665 Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 15.9% |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: 37.6% |
2010
online survey over the large geographical area
of Nebraska, USA. Participants were self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender persons over the age of 19. A multipronged recruitment strategy was used. 770 LGBT Nebraskans in the study |
Aitken et al. (2016) |
Gender
Dysphoric Children n = 572 |
Siblings n = 425 Lifetime. Self-Harm / Attempted Suicide: 2.2% |
Lifetime. Self-Harm or Attempted Suicide: 6.6% |
Gender
Dysphoric Children n = 572, 463 Boys, 109 Girls, Age: 3 to 12 Years. Siblings, n = 425, 239 Boys, 186 Girls. Age: 3 to 12 Years. Other comparisons also given: Other clinic referred and non-referred children. Plus results from another somewhat similar study. |
Barboza et al. (2016) |
Transgender
Men and Women n = 350 |
None |
Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 25% |
Virginia
Transgender Health Initiative Survey
(THIS). Most identified their gender as man (19.4%), woman (25.4%) or transgender (41.7%), their sexual preference as heterosexual (20.9%), gay (15.4%), lesbian (13.4%) or bisexual (17.1%). 39% under the age of 30. A majority = low socioeconomic status |
Grossman et al. (2016) |
Transgender / Gender Non- conforming TGNC n =129 |
None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: TGNC: 24.4% 29 / 119 FTM: 18.4% 7 / 38 MTF: 15.4% 6 /39 FTDG: 46.4% 13 / 28 MTDG: 21.4% 3 / 14 |
Youth
recruited in three U.S. cities from community
organizations and college groups for LGBTQ
youth, by invitations placed on websites
frequented by LGBTQ youth in those cities and
by inviting youth participating in LGBTQ Pride
activities. 14 (11%) female to male (FTM), 44 (34%) male to female (MTF), 31 (24%) female to different gender (FTDG), and 14 (11%) male to different gender. Age Range = 15 to 21 Years, Mean = 18 Years. |
Kaplan et al. (2016) |
Trans Feminine Individuals n = 54 |
None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: 46.3% 25 / 54 |
Age Range
= 18 to 58 Years Average Age = 27 Years Long chain referral sampling of volunteer transgender individuals assigned male sex at birth, currently identifying as a woman or trans, age 18 years or older, residing in greater Beirut, Lebanon. |
Lehavot et al. (2016) |
USA Transgender Veterans n = 212 |
None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: 32.1% 68 / 212 Did not want to die: n = 17 Really hoped to die: n = 51 |
Online,
convenience sample of 212 U.S. transgender
veterans surveyed from February to May, 2014. |
Lytle et al. (2016-17) |
White Non-Hispanic Transgender & Cisgender College Students n =77,775 |
Cisgender n = 77,685 Attempted Suicide, One Year: 0.9% |
Transgender n = 90 Attempted Suicide, One Year: 10.0% OR = 12.2 |
Fall 2008 and Spring 2009
surveys of the American College Health
Association (ACHA) National College Health
Assessment-II. For Additional Information, including comparisons within the GLBQ & Heterosexual groups, and also for Self-Harm comparisons, see Table Below. |
Non-White Transgender & Cisgender College Students n = 30,574 |
Cisgender n = 30,501 Attempted Suicide, One Year: 1.5% |
Transgender n = 73 Attempted Suicide, One Year: 29.6% OR = 27.6 |
||
Peterson et al. (2016-17) |
96 transgender adolescents and emerging adults (aged 12–22 years) presenting with gender dysphoria. | None |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime: 30.3% 27 / 89 Self-Harm, Lifetime: 41.8% |
Data from
a retrospective chart review of 96 patients at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Transgender Clinic. Mean age of 17.1 years (SD = 2.3). Study Sample = 54 FTM*, 31 MTF, and 15 nonbinary/gender fluid. |
Veale et al. (2017) |
839
transgender youth sampled online, non-random |
2 other Canadian study results used as comparisons with study results |
14-18
Years: Attempted Suicide, Past Year: 36.1% 19-25 Years: Attempted Suicide, Lifetime: 37.8% Attempted Suicide, Past Year: 11.3% For results on identity basis, see Table Below. |
Canadian
Trans Youth Health Survey (2014, Online,
French, English): Recruited via transgender
and queer community organizations,
distributing a call for participants through
social media, and the study’s research team,
and network including pediatric endocrinology
clinics across Canada. Age = 14 to 25 years. 14-18 years (n - 300): 32 transgender girls/women (11%), 140 transgender boys/men (47%), and 128 (42%) nonbinary youth. 19-25 years (n = 539): 107 transgender girls/women (20%), 216 transgender boys/men (40%), and 216 nonbinary youth (40%). 14-18 Years: Self-Harm, Past Year: 74.9% |
* MTF: Male to Female -
FTM: Female to Male ** The Nemoto (2001) Study Sample is Likely a Subset of Nemoto et al. (2002) Study Sample. *** Mean Ages are from Nemoto et al. (2004). **** Face-to-Face Interviews. |
The Mathy (2002b) Study of
Transgender Suicidality North America: Internet Survey |
|||||||
Categories |
TG |
Random Heterosexual |
Matched |
Homosexual | |||
Gender * |
TG |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
N's |
73 |
1,083 |
1,077 |
73 |
73 |
256 |
356 |
Mean Age SD Age Range |
36.9 (10.0) 19-58 |
30.1 (9.3) 18-76 |
33.7 (11.0) 18-80 |
36.0 (9.8) 19-53 |
37.0 (10.0) 19-56 |
33.7 (8.9) 18-69 |
33.0 (9.7) 18-70 |
Attempted Suicide / Self-Harm ** |
23.3% |
11.4% |
5.0% |
11.0% |
4.1% |
16.0% |
8.7% |
*** Risk Ratio: TG vs. Specified Category |
2.9 |
4.7 |
2.1 |
5.7 |
1.5 |
2.7 |
|
p | < .01 |
< .001 |
< .05 |
< .001 |
ns |
< .001 |
|
* TG =
Transgender - M = Males - F = Females -- ***
Not Given in Mathy (2002b) ** Suicide Question: "I have made a serious suicide attempt or gesture." Yes/No Sampling: News Web Site: MSNBC - Every 1000th visitor: USA, Canada - A Sexuality Survey Using mostly counts from random sample, but also from volunteer sample. TG (Transgender) Sample: N = 73, 61 Canadian, 12 American, with 12 / 73 from random sample. |
The
Clements-Nolle et al. (2006)
Study of Suicidality* In The San Francisco Transgender Population |
|||
Categories |
Attempted
Suicide Lifetime: % (n / n) |
Odds
Ratio (95%CI) Unadjusted ** |
Odds
Ratio (95%CI) Adjusted |
All, N
= 515 |
32.2% (166 / 515) |
||
MTF, n
= 391 Male-to-Female |
32.5% (127 / 391) |
1.04 (0.67, 1.6) ns |
1.1 (0.59, 1.9) Controls: 9 Variables |
FTM, n
= 123 Female-to-Male |
31.7% (39 / 123_ |
||
White |
37.8% (71 / 188) |
1.5 (1.02, 2.2) p = 0.036 |
1.5 (0.92, 2.4) Controls: 9 Variables |
Non-White |
28.8% (93 / 323) |
||
< 25
Years-Old |
47.0% (31 / 66) |
2.1 (1.2, 3.5) p = 0.006 |
2.17 (1.17, 4.01) Controls: 9 Variables |
25 +
Years-Old |
30.1% (135 / 449) |
||
** Odds Ratios Not Given. Calculated From Given Counts |
Transgender and
Transsexual People in Sweden An Internet Sample, N = 374 * |
|
Age Group |
Attempted Suicide
Incidence, Lifetime |
16 - 29 Years |
27%, n = ? |
30 - 44 years |
28%, n = ? |
45 - 54 years |
12%, n = ? |
55 - 64 Years |
21%, n = ? |
* Web Survey Data:
Reported in National Public Health
Survey, 2005. Results also reported by Winzer & Boström (2007) For comparison of Transgender Suicidality results to GLB & Heterosexual Results, See Table. |
Transgender and
Transsexual People in France An Internet Sample, N = 90 |
|
Group 16 to 26 Years-Old |
Attempted Suicide
Incidence, Lifetime |
All N = 90 |
34% |
FTM n = 60 Approximately |
34% |
MTF n = 30 Approximately |
32% |
Data Source: L’équipe Trans du MAG / La Commission Trans d’HES (2009) |
Irish
Transgender Study An Internet Sample: N = 106 |
|
Frequency |
Attempted Suicide, Lifetime n = 85 |
Once |
12% |
Two to Five Times |
22% |
More Than Five Times |
6% |
One or More Times |
40% |
Data Source: TENI:
Transgender Equality Network Ireland (2012) Additional Suicidality & Self-Harm Data is Given |
Transgender
and Transsexual People in the United
Kingdom An Internet Sample, N = 872** |
|
Frequency |
Attempted Suicide /
Self-Harmed in Adulthood* |
Once |
14% |
Twice |
7% |
Three or More Times |
14% |
One or More Times |
34.4% |
Data Source: Whittle et al. (2007) |
Transgender and
Transsexual People in Europe An Internet Sample, N = 985 (UK = 322)** |
|
Frequency |
Attempted Suicide /
Self-Harmed in Adulthood* |
Once |
? |
Twice |
? |
Three or More Times |
? |
One or More Times |
29.9% |
*Resulting from being a crossdresser, transgender/transsexual person or because of other people’s reactions to them being trans. Note: Data was solicited on suicidality before the age of 21 years, but the results were not reported. ** Duplicates Removed. |
National Transgender
Discrimination Survey Report On Health and Health Care (USA, 2010): Attempted Suicide |
|||
Categories |
Attempted Suicide, Lifetime |
Categories (% of Sample) |
Attempted Suicide, Lifetime |
All:
6,450 |
41% |
White
(76%) |
38% |
Age:
18-44 |
45% |
Asian
(2%) |
39% |
Age: >
65 |
16% |
Latino/Latina
(5%) |
44% |
Employed |
37% |
African
American (5%) |
45% |
Unemployed |
51% |
Multi-Racial
(11%) |
54% |
Lost Job
Due to Bias |
55% |
Native
American (1%) |
56% |
Street
Economy |
60% |
||
Data Source: Grant
et al. (2010) See More Results Below: By Herman et al. (2014) |
National
Transgender Discrimination Survey: Some Discrimination Related Attempted Suicide Results |
|
Categories |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime Incidence |
All:
6,456 |
41% |
Family
chose not to speak/spend time with them. |
57% |
Harassed
or bullied at school: any level. |
50-54% |
Experienced
discrimination or harassment at work. |
50-59% |
Doctor or
health care provider refused to treat them. |
60% |
Suffered
physical or sexual violence at work. |
64-65% |
Suffered
physical or sexual violence at school
(any level). |
63-78% |
Disrespected
or harassed by law enforcement officers. |
57-61% |
Suffered
physical or sexual violence by law enforcement
officers. |
60-70% |
Experienced homelessness. | 69% |
Data Source: Herman
et al. (2014) |
Ontario’s Trans
Communities and Suicide (Canada,
2010): Seriously Considered Suicide
& Attempted Suicide |
||||||
Categories |
Age: 16-24 Years |
Age: 25 + Years |
Experienced Physical or Sexual Assault |
Experienced Verbal Harassment or Threats |
No
Assaults or Verbal Harassment or Threats |
All N = 433 |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
43% |
Seriously
Considered Suicide, Lifetime |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
77% |
Seriously
Considered Suicide, Lifetime, Because of Being trans |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
50% |
Attempted
Suicide, Past Year |
19% |
7% |
29% |
8% |
4% |
10% |
Seriously
Considered Suicide, Past Year |
47% |
27% |
47% |
33% |
26% |
32% |
Data Source: Scanlon
et al. (2010),
Bauer et al. (2013): 'Data collected via respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in 2009–2010 as part of the Trans PULSE Project, a community-based research study in Ontario, Canada.' 'The information was collected using a unique research method that allowed us to take the most statistically accurate picture of trans people possible.' |
Transgender Self-Harm
& Attempted Suicide USA National College Health Assessment: 2008-09 |
||||
Groups Compared |
Self-Harm % 1 |
Odds Ratio 2 |
Attempted Suicide % 1 |
Odds Ratio 2 |
Racial / Ethnic
Minorities (Non-White) |
||||
Transgender n = 73 |
38.0% |
10.9 |
29.6% |
27.6 |
Cisgender n = 30,501 |
5.3% |
1.5% |
||
Non-Hispanic White |
||||
Transgender n = 90 |
27.8% |
7.3 |
10.0% |
12.2 |
Cisgender n = 77,685 |
5.0% |
0.9% |
||
LGBQ (Lesbian / Gay /
Bisexual / Questioning) |
||||
Transgender n = 123 |
41.3% |
4.2 |
25.6% |
9.8 |
Cisgender n = 7,388 |
14.4% |
3.4% |
||
Heterosexual |
||||
Transgender n = 45 |
13.3% |
3.3 |
4.4% |
5.1 |
Cisgender n = 103,025 |
4.5% |
0.9% |
||
Data Source: Lytle et al. (2016) 1. Incidences (percent), if
occurring in the past year, given by study
authors. Similar incidences for depression,
suicide ideation, and having sought suicide
prevention information were also produced.
Note: Average age for study sample = 21.15
years, for cisgender students = 21.14 years,
and for transgender students = 28.24 years.
2. Transgender vs. Cisgender (Non-Transgender) within specified groups. Basic ORs calculated by webpage author using this calculator: http://statpages.info/ctab2x2.html . n = 100 assumed for both groups with percentages becoming the Present / Absent numbers. Example: 38.0 Present / 62.0 Absent vs. 5.3 Present / 94.7 Absent. This quickly produces accurate ORs (10.9 for this example), but the 95% confidence intervals are not accurate. However, given the n sizes and large ORs, it is expected that all ORs produced would be statistically significant. |
Suicidality,
Transgender / Transsexual Internet Sample, United Kingdom |
||
Demography |
||
Living
Location / Race / Age (n = 518) England: 84% Scotland: 11% Wales: 4% Northern Ireland, Ireland; < 1% White: 86% Age: 18 to 78 Years |
Gender
Identity (N = 794) Constant and clear gender identity as a woman (40%), man (25%). Variable or fluid non-binary (15%). Constant and clear non-binary (85). Unsure (6%), Other (3%), and No gender identity (3%) |
Sexual
Orientation (N = 530) Bisexual (27%), Queer (24%), Straight or heterosexual (20%), Pansexual (15%), BDSM/Kink (14%), Lesbian (13%), Not sure or questioning (12%), Other (11%), Don’t define (10%), Gay (10%), Polyamorous (9%), Asexual (8%). |
Suicidality |
||
"The
majority of participants, 84%, had thought
about ending their lives at some point
(N=581). These participants were then asked
for more information about their experiences.
27% of those who had thought about ending
their lives at some point, had thought about
attempting suicide within the last week
(N=471) with 4% thinking about it every day.
In the last year 63% had thought about
attempting suicide (N=472) with 3% thinking
about it daily. Prevalence of actual suicide attempts, among those who had thought about ending their lives at some point, was 11% within the last year (N=427), however lifetime prevalence was substantially higher, at 48% (N=436). 33% had attempted to take their life more than once in their lifetime, 3% attempting suicide more than 10 times. More significantly, 11% of the respondents were unsure as to whether they were planning to attempt suicide in the near future, and 3.2% were planning to (N=473). When the participants who had never thought about suicide (and therefore were not asked further questions about suicidal ideation and attempts) are factored back in, this results in overall suicide attempt rates (N=581) of 35% attempting suicide at least once and 25% attempting suicide more than once. Suicidal ideation and actual attempts reduced after transition, with 63% thinking about or attempting suicide more before they transitioned and only 3% thinking about or attempting suicide more post-transition. 7% found that this increased during transition, which has implications for the support provided to those undergoing these processes (N=316)." P. 59 |
||
Data Source: McNeil (2012) |
Suicidality
& Self-Harm Canadian Trans Youth Health Survey (2014) |
|||
Categories |
Transgender Boys/Men n, % |
Transgender Girls/Women n, % |
Nonbinary
1 n, % |
Ages: 14 to18
Years |
|||
Seriously
Considered Suicide, Past Year |
90, 68.9% |
20, 55.0% |
93, 64.5% |
Attempted
Suicide, Past Year |
90, 44.2% |
20, 21.1% |
94, 34.4% |
Self-Harm, Past Year |
106,
79.2% |
24, 50.0% |
100,
77.0% |
Ages: 19 to 25
Years |
|||
Seriously
Considered Suicide, Lifetime |
138,
76.8% |
65, 66.2% |
129,
76.7% |
Attempted
Suicide, Lifetime |
51, 43.1% |
33, 21.2% |
69, 42.0% |
Seriously
Considered Suicide, Past Year |
141,
36.9% |
68, 46.2% |
97, 41.7% |
Attempted
Suicide, Past Year |
53, 11.3% |
34, 8.8% |
70, 11.4% |
Self-Harm, Past Year |
150,
48.0% |
77, 40.3% |
150,
60.7% |
Data Source: Veale et al. (2017) 1. Participants who responded
as “transgender and identify in some other
way,” rather than as boys/men or
girls/women.
|
The
2015 National Canadian Homeless Youth Survey 1 |
||
Categories |
n, % of Sample |
Lifetime Attempted Suicide |
Cisgender Males |
620, 56% |
39% |
Cisgender Females |
390, 35% |
59% |
Cisgender
& Heterosexual |
752, 68% |
39% |
Sexual
& Gender Identities |
319, 28% |
70% 3 |
Aboriginal
/ First Nations 2 |
314, 29% |
54% |
Black |
142, 13% |
Black, Latin American + Other Racial Minorities 41% |
Latin American |
38, 3.5% |
|
Indigenous
/ White |
51% |
|
White |
676, 61% |
? |
Data Source: Kidd et al. (2017-18)
|
Suicide/Suicidality
Risk: Psychiatric Patients Homosexuality & Bisexuality |
||
Study |
Homosexuality
As Suicide/Suicidality Risk Factor |
Study Information |
Motto et al. (1985) |
High Risk For
Suicide: Being bisexual and sexually active, or homosexual and inactive (celibate) |
Follow-up USA
study of 2,753 adults "hospitalized due to a depressive or suicidal state" USA |
Marten et al. (1985) |
Homosexuals
accounted for one-third of the suicide deaths |
A
prospective USA study of 500 randomly selected psychiatric outpatients during a mean follow-up period of seven years. |
Pretorius (1992) Thesis |
For
males, subsequent suicide attempts were associated with: Being Single, Homosexuality, and Other Factors |
All cases of attempted
suicide referred to the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pretoria were studied over a period of a year. A total of 307 patients, 86 males and 221 females, were evaluated. After 5 years, as many as possible were traced: 59 males and 205 females. |
Note: After 1985,
homosexuality issues have generally been
ignored in studies of the suicide & suicidality of psychiatric patients. |
Review & Meta-Analysis
Papers Sexual Minority Suicidality & Mental Disorders |
Review
Papers |
Saunders JM, Valente SM
(1987). Suicide risk among gay men and
lesbians: A review. Death Studies,
11(1): 1-23. Abstract. |
Remafedi G (1999). Suicide and sexual orientation: nearing the end of controversy? Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(10): 885-6. PDF Download. |
Bagley C, Tremblay P (2000). Elevated rates of suicidal behavior in gay, lesbian and bisexual youth. Crisis, 21(3): 111-17. (Review) Internet draft of the paper: Full Text. PubMed Abstract. |
Tremblay P, Ramsay R (2000).
Orientations homosexuelles ou bisexuelles chez
les jeunes présentant des problème
suicidaires: recherche, problématique et
propositions. Le Vis-À-Vie, 10(2):
5-8. (Review) Internet English version of the
paper: Full Text. Full
Text (French). Translation. |
Kulkin HS, Chauvin EA, Percle GA (2000). Suicide among gay and lesbian adolescents and young adults: a review of the literature. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(1): 1-29. (Review) PubMed Abstract. |
Morrison
LL, L'Heureux J (2001). Suicide
and gay / lesbian / bisexual youth:
implications for clinicians. Journal
of Adolescence, 24(1): 39-49. PubMed
Abstract. Full Text: PDF
Download.
PDF
Download. |
McDaniel JS, Purcell DW, D'Augelli AR (2001). The relationship between sexual orientation and risk for suicide: research findings and future directions for research and prevention.. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31(Suppl.): 84-105. (Review) In: DHHS / CDC (2001). Suicide Prevention Now: Linking Research to Practice, pp. 190-218. PDF Download. PubMed Reference. |
Lebson M (2002). Suicide among homosexual youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4): 107-17. Abstract. |
Meyer, IH (2003).
Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations:
Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence. Psychological
Bulletin, 129(5): 674–697. Summary.
Abstract. Full
Text. |
Russell ST (2003). Sexual minority youth and suicide risk. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(9): 1241-1257. Abstract. PDF Download. |
McAndrew S, Warne T (2004). Ignoring the evidence dictating the practice: sexual orientation, suicidality and the dichotomy of the mental health nurse. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 11(4): 428-34. PubMed Abstract. |
Julien D, Chartrand E (2005).
Recension des études utilisant un échantillon
probabiliste sur la santé des personnes gaies,
lesbiennes et bisexuelles. Canadian
Psychology/Psychologie canadienne,
46(4): 235-250. Abstract.
Summary
/ Extract (French). Translation.
|
Schlatter J, Irala J, Escamilla I (2005). Psicopatología asociada a la homosexualidad [Psychopathology related to homosexuality.]. Revista de Medicina de la Universidad de Navarra, 49(3): 69-79. PDF Download. Translation. |
Suicide Prevention
Resource Center (2008). Suicide
risk and prevention for lesbian, gay,
bisexual, and transgender youth.
Newton, MA: Education Development Center,
Inc. Prepared by the Suicide Prevention
Resource Center for the Center for Mental
Health Services Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services.
Download: http://www.sprc.org/library/SPRC_LGBT_Youth.pdf.
Download
Page. |
King M, Semlyen J, Tai SS, Killaspy H, Osborn D, Popelyuk D, Nazareth I (2008). A Systematic Review of Mental Disorder, Suicide, and Deliberate Self Harm in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People. BMC Psychiatry. Full Text. Full Text. Abstract. |
Leu, Christian (2008). Orientation
sexuelle
et comportements suicidaires: Une enquête
sur les résultats de la recherche
internationale et nationale sur les facteurs
de risque et de protection pour les
adolescents homosexuels et bisexuels.
Berne, La Suisse / Switzerland: Le collectif
Formation de PINK CROSS, LOS et fels. Full
Text N/A. Download
Page N/A. Word
Download. Translation
N/A. Download
Page N/A. Full
Text. Download
Page. Translation.
Leu, Christian (2008). Sexuelle Orientierung und Suizidalität: Eine Untersuchung der internationalen und nationalen Forschungs-ergebnisse der Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren für adoleszente Homo- und Bisexuelle. bern, Switzrland: PINK CROSS, LOS und fels. Full Text N/A. Download Page N/A. Word Download. Download Page N/A. Translation N/A. PDF Download N/A. Translation N/A. Full Text. Download Page. Translation. |
Lhomond B, Saurel-Cubizolles
MJ (2009). Orientation sexuelle et santé
mentale: une revue de la littérature [Sexual
orientation and mental health: a review]. Revue
d'épidémiologie et de santé publique,
57(6): 437-50. Abstract. Download
Page: In two Documents: Text &
Tables. Download
Page. Word
Download. |
Haas
AP, Eliason M, Mays VM, Mathy RM, Cochran
SD, D'Augelli AR, Silverman MM, Fisher PW,
Hughes T, Rosario M, Russell ST, Malley E,
Reed J, Litts DA, Haller E, Sell RL,
Remafedi G, Bradford J, Beautrais AL, Brown
GK, Diamond GM, Friedman MS, Garofalo R,
Turner MS, Hollibaugh A, Clayton PJ (2011).
Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay,
bisexual, and transgender populations: review
and recommendations. Journal of
Homosexuality, 58(1): 10-51. Abstract.
Full
Text: Open Access. Full
Text. |
Meta-Analyses |
Plŏderl M, Wagenmakers EJ,
Tremblay P, Ramsay R, Kralovec K,
Fartacek C, Fartacek R (2013). Suicide
Risk and Sexual Orientation: A Critical
Review. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
42(5): 715-727. Includes a meta-analysis. Download
Page for Paper Draft PDF @ Dr.
Martin Plöderl's
Website. ResearchGate
Full Text. Online Additions to the Paper: "A Critical Examination of the Shaffer et al. (1995) & Renaud et al. (2010) Psychological Autopsy Studies of Adolescent Suicides" & "An Expanded Homosexuality Factor in Adolescent Suicide." |
Stone DM, Luo F,
Ouyang L, Lippy C, Hertz MF, Crosby AE
(2014). Sexual orientation and suicide
ideation, plans, attempts, and medically
serious attempts: evidence from local youth
risk behavior surveys, 2001-2009. American
Journal of Public Health, 104(2):
262-71. Abstract.
Suicidality results for 2001 to 2009 Youth
Risk Behavior Surveys used in large American
cities generally with large Hispanic and
African American populations: Boston, Chicago,
New York, San Diego, San Francisco. The "more
at risk for the more serious suicidal
behaviors" often does not apply, also
depending on the sexual minority group being
described and the sex of individuals. For more on this issue see related webpage. |
Marshal MP, Dietz LJ, Friedman MS, Stall R, Smith HA, McGinley J, Thoma BC, Murray PJ, D'Augelli AR, Brent DA (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2): 115-123. Abstract. PDF Download. "SMY [Sexual Minority Youth] reported significantly higher rates of suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 2.92) and depression symptoms (standardized mean difference, d = .33) as compared with the heterosexual youth. Disparities increased with the increase in the severity of suicidality (ideation [OR = 1.96], intent/plans [OR = 2.20], suicide attempts [OR = 3.18], suicide attempts requiring medical attention [OR = 4.17]). Effects did not vary across gender, recruitment source, and sexual orientation definition.' |
Kann L, Olsen EO,
McManus T, Kinchen S, Chyen D, Harris WA,
Wechsler H; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) (2011). Sexual
Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and
Health-Risk Behaviors Among Students in Grades
9-12: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance,
Selected Sites, United States, 2001- 2009. MMWR
Early Release 2011; 60. June 6: 1-113. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss60e0606a1.htm?s_cid=ss60e0606a1_w.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6007a1.htm.
Results, problem and related issues are
presented in another
webpage. A major problem seems to exist
when combining sexual minority Youth Risk
Behavior Survey suicidality results from large
cities and states. |
Plöderl M, Kralovec K,
Fartacek C, Fartacek R (2009).
Homosexualität als Risikofaktor für Depression
und Suizidalität bei Männern. Blickpunkt
DER MANN: 7(4): 28-37. PDF
Download. Translation.
Download
Page for Paper PDF @ Dr.
Martin Plöderl's
Website. |
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