MATERIALS
Websites:
http://wps.aw.com/bc_martini_eap_3/
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~rosenber/
Text: 1) Martini and Bartholomew, 2000, Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology; 2) Martini, Bartholomew, and Welch, 2000, Applications Manual. PLEASE BRING YOUR APPLICATIONS MANUAL TO ALL TUTORIALS.

PREPARATION -  Download the tutorial outline from the course website before coming to the tutorial; make sure that you understand all of the terms used in the outline by the start of that tutorial. Visit the publisher's website and take advantage of the self-testing facilities there (http://wps.aw.com/bc_martini_eap_3/).

NOTE: THE SPECIMENS AND MODELS THAT YOU WILL BE EXAMINING IN THESE TUTORIALS ARE EXPENSIVE AND DIFFICULT TO REPLACE. HANDLE THEM WITH CARE AND DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES USE A PENCIL OR A PEN AS A POINTER WHEN INDICATING A FEATURE ON ONE.

0:00 - 0:10 Introduction
Objectives - The topics that we will be covering in this tutorial are outlined below; by the end of the tutorial, you are to know the following:

> The gross anatomy of the male reproductive system, and the steps of spermatogenesis;

> The gross anatomy of the female reproductive system, the maturation of the oocyte through oogenesis, and the menstrual cycle;

> The microscopic structures of the male and female reproductive systems;

> The major events of embryogenesis, from the zygote, through the major stages, to the end of organogenesis;

> The structure and function of the extraembryonic membranes, including the placenta; and the fetal circulation.

0:10 - 1:35 Reproduction and Development

You should complete this set of exercises in groups of four or five, moving from station to station and following the directions on the station cards. Short descriptions of each station and station card follow. Stations will not normally be set up in sequence; you should be able to go through the stations in any order. The following accounts are intended only to give an idea of what will be covered at each station and what should be retained.
 

Station 1. The male reproductive system is closely associated with the pelvic cavity and the urinary system. Haploid sperm cells are produced within the seminiferous tubules of the testis through meiosis, undergoing a number of discrete stages in a process known as spermatogenesis. This is under hormonal control by the pituitary, the hypothalamus, and the interstitial cells of the testis. Mature sperm are conveyed from the testis by way of the epididymis and vas deferens; contributions from the bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles and prostate gland form seminal fluid. Negative feedback loops mediated by the hypothalamus and pituitary control spermatogenesis.

*Exercises: Using the models and charts, identify the major structures of the male reproductive system, learn their functions, and review their relationships with the structures of the urinary system; understand the hormonal control of spermatogenesis.

Materials: Charts - nursing charts
Models - AMRSAN-8 Lower pelvic cavity
Male reproductive system
 

Station 2. The female reproductive system is closely associated with the pelvic cavity and the urinary system. Ova (or eggs) are produced within the ovary, in a process known as oogenesis, that consists of a series of discrete stages involving the meiosis of the egg. This process is controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the follicle.  Mature ova are produced on a monthly basis, and the changes in hormone level, and their effects, are known as the menstrual cycle.

*Exercises: Using the models and charts, identify the major structures of the female reproductive system, learn their functions, and review their relationships with the structures of the urinary system. Identify the different stages of the menstrual cycle and the roles of the hormones controlling it; understand the negative feedback loops regulating menstruation through the hypothalamus and pituitary.

Materials: Charts - nursing charts
Models - AMRSAN-8 Lower pelvic cavity
Male reproductive system
 

Station 3.  The microscopic structure of the male and female reproductive systems reflect their separate roles.

*Exercises: Examine the slides provided in the Caramate.

Materials: Slides - 35mm slides of x-sections of representative tissue specimens of male and female reproductive systems, and of umbilical cord and lactating breast.
 

Station 4.  Once fertilization takes place, the ovum (now a zygote)  moves to implant itself within the uterine wall; the earliest phases of morphogenesis have started. These stages of cleavage produce the morula and blastula. This is followed by gastrulation, producing the three primary germ layers. The germ layers develop into organ rudiments through the process of organogenesis; a further process of morphogenesis develops these rudiments into recognizable organs by the end of the embryonic period.

*Exercises: Using the models and charts provided, follow the stages of embryonic development, understanding the main stages (cleavage,morula,  blastula, gastrula, neurula, embryo and fetus) and the processes taking place in each (cell division, gastrulation, germ layer formation, neurulation, formation of somites).

Materials: Charts - from Nursing
Models - AMRPAN-6 Series of pregnancy
Pregnant pelvic cavity
 

Station 5. The developing embryo gives rise to four extraembryonic membranes: the yolk sac, the amnion, the chorion, and the allantois. The amnion develops into a fluid-filled envelope that cushions the developing embryo, while parts of the chorion and allantois develop into an interface between the mother and embryo, known as the placenta. Fetal circulation differs from adult circulation; important differences are seen inside the heart, near the liver, and in the umbilical cord.

*Exercises: From the material made available, learn the structure of the placenta. Using the appropriate model, review the differences between fetal and adult circulation. Relate the structure of the placenta to the exchange of metabolites between mother and fetus.

Materials: Charts - from Nursing
Models - Fetal circulation
Specimens - Plastinated placenta
 

Summary of Objectives - you should learn about the gross anatomy of the male and the female reproductive systems; the steps of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, and the significance of meiosis; the menstrual cycle, and its relationship to oogenesis; the important features of embryogenesis, and the structure and function of the placenta. Please note, material covered in tutorial may appear on exams.

Time Allotted - 1 hr, 25 minutes

1:25 - 1:40 Quiz
15 minutes. On material covered in tutorial; 10 questions.
Time Allotted - 15 minutes

1:40 - 1:50 Marking
These will be marked at your desks. Corrected papers will be collected, reviewed by the instructor, and their marks will contribute towards the final tutorial grade in this course.
Time Allotted - 10 minutes

Web Site - http://wps.aw.com/bc_martini_eap_3/

CHAPTERS 19, 20

You are to do this on your own time; it is not a formal part of the tutorial. Use the following to get the most out of the appropriate section (Chapter 19 -Reproduction; Chapter 20 - Development) at the publisher's Web Site.

Multiple Choice: You are given one set of 22 multiple-choice questions (Chapter 19) and one set of 21 (Chapter 20), which upon completion you can submit for correction and review at the website. Ignore any questions on genetics in Chapter 20.

Figure Labelling - The site contains three figures relevant to the reproductive system and development, under the two chapters which cover them (these are listed below). Each figure contains structures labelled with letters. For each labelled structure in the figure, select the letter from the pull-down box with the correct name for that feature using the list below the figure. Submit the completed figures for correction and review at the website.

Chapter 19: one figure of the seminiferous tubule; one figure of oogenesis

Chapter 20: one figure of a pregnant uterus with early embryo and extraembryonic membranes

Matching: There are four boxes for each of the two chapters; within each, two sets of terms are given, one identified by letters and the other by pull down boxes. Match the appropriate terms and submit them for correction and review at the website. Ignore the matches relevant to genetics.

Fill in the blanks: Fifteen questions are given for each of the four chapters. Type the correct word in the box provided. Submit these for correction and review at the website. Ignore the questions relevant to genetics.