JOINED LETTERS

The juncture of "b" and "a." The left stroke is a long one often completely indistinguishable as to form from the letter "l," though sometimes with a more pronounced hook to the right at the foot; this is followed by a minuscule "a" that sometimes, but rarely, has a left stroke that is bowed out to the right to represent the right bow of an independent "b" as well as the left bow of the independent "a." When this compound bowing of the left stroke of the "a" is not present, confusion with "la" is very easy and often only disambiguated by alliteration or sense. This glyph derives from the "ba" juncture of textura rotunda.

The juncture of "b" and "e." The left stroke is a long one often completely indistinguishable as to form from the letter "l," though sometimes with a more pronounced hook to the right at the foot; this is followed by a minuscule "e" that sometimes, but not always, has a left stroke that is compound-bowed out to the right to represent the right bow of an independent "b" as well as the left bow of the independent "e." When this compound bowing of the left stroke of the "e" is not present, confusion with "le" is very easy and often only disambiguated by alliteration or sense. This glyph derives from the "be" juncture of textura rotunda.

The juncture of "b" and "e," formed as in the juncture glyph we transcribe as &be;, but with the addition of a short thin straight line ornamenting the shaft of the the "b" component, angled up and to the right at about 45 degrees from horizontal.

The juncture of "b" and "o." The left stroke is a long one often completely indistinguishable as to form from the letter "l," though sometimes with a more pronounced hook to the right at the foot; this is followed by a minuscule "o" that sometimes, but rarely, has a modified left stroke that begins with a leftward hook to sketch the right bow of an independent "b" as well as the left bow of the independent "o." When this leftward hook is not present, confusion with "lo" is very easy and often only disambiguated by alliteration or sense. In some very rare cases, the left stroke of the "o" also reverses at the foot, creating an entire right bow for the "b" as well as the left half of the "o." This glyph derives from the "bo" juncture of textura rotunda.

Juncture of "d" and "a," with the right stroke of the "d" ogeed right to form also the left stroke of "a."

Juncture of "d" and "e," with the right stroke of the "d" ogeed right to form also the left stroke of "e."

Juncture of "d" and "o," with the right stroke of the "d" ogeed right to form also the left stroke of "o."

The sixth of Adrian Cappelli's "segni di troncamento" (Lexicon abbreviaturarum, 6th. ed., p. xii, "Abbreviature per troncamento"), beginning with a counter-clockwise loop above the minim headline and finishing with a tapered descender that extends a variable distance below the minim baseline. In this manuscript (almost?) invariably attached to a preceding "t," and representing the sequence elsewhere written out as "tez."

The juncture of "g" and "o": the top lobe of the "g" is squashed to the left and the right stroke flattened so as also to become the left stroke of a conjoined "o"; the horizontal stroke that would normally extend from the top lobe of the "g" is omitted.

The juncture of "h" and "a": onto the descender of the "h" configured as for the separate letter is attached the bottom half of what would be the left stroke of a separate "a" (originating when carefully formed within the descender of the "h"), which is then completed with the right-stroke and crossing-stroke.

Juncture of "h" and "e" similar to what we transcribe as "&he;" but with additional upward-slanting narrow straight line originating at the point where the shoulder of the descender of the "h" normally meets the ascender of that letter.

The juncture of "h" and "e": onto the descender of the "h" configured as for the separate letter is attached the bottom half of what would be the left stroke of a separate "e" (originating when carefully formed within the descender of the "h"), together with that letter's curved right stroke and angled crossing-stroke.

Juncture of "e" with the variant form of "h" (with additional comma-shaped stroke). The single example found so far (f40r line 24) may be misidentified by us and may actually derive its oddity of form from a scribal correction of "se" written in anticipation of the fourth word in this line (or by memorial confusion of "here and se" with "se and here") to "here," which is needed for alliteration.

The juncture of "h" and "a": onto the descender of the "h" configured as for the separate letter is attached the bottom half of what would be the left stroke of a separate "o" (originating when carefully formed within the descender of the "h"), which is then completed with the right-stroke.

The juncture of "p" and "a," consisting of the cruciform variety of "p" (see "&p;") and the scribe's "a," with the left stroke of the "a" deformed to form or suggest the bow of the "p." An additional short horizontal stroke sometimes joins the vertical of the "p" to this deformed stroke of the "a."

The juncture of "p" and "e," consisting of the cruciform variety of "p" (see "&p;") and the scribe's "e," with the left stroke of the "e" deformed to form or suggest the bow of the "p." An additional short horizontal stroke sometimes joins the vertical of the "p" to this deformed stroke of the "e."

The juncture of "p" and "o," consisting of the cruciform variety of "p" (see "&p;") and the scribe's "o," with the left stroke of the "o" deformed to form or suggest the bow of the "p." An additional short horizontal stroke sometimes joins the vertical of the "p" to this deformed stroke of the "o."

Two letters "p" written as a single unit sharing a single longer horizontal stroke at the minim baseline; the first "p" in the agglomeration is therefore cruciform, formed with a single long straight verical stroke transecting the horizontal and extending to descender length; the second has both a similar vertical and a completed or partly-completed bow formed with a stroke that may either be more or less a minim, or may form a curve originating near the top of the vertical and extending to meet the horizontal at right.

Two letters "p" written as a single unit sharing a single longer horizontal stroke at the minim baseline. Each "p" in the agglomeration is cruciform, formed with a single long straight verical stroke transecting the horizontal and extending to descender length. This is the form most frequently used for doubled "p" before a vowel with a left-facing bow ("a," "e," "o").

The juncture of long "s" and "c." The right stroke of the "s," which forms its curved right overhang, is here extended downward to form also the vertical stroke of a form like the scribe's two-stroke "c" and terminate (often with a rightward hook) at the minim baseline; the horizontal stroke of the letter "c" then originates within the shaft of this second long vertical stroke.

The juncture of long "s" and "p" when the latter is not followed by a vowel with left bow. Distinguished from the forms of the separate letters long "s" and "p" by the fact that the vertical stroke of the "s" ends in a pronounced hook upward to the right, which meets the shaft of the left vertical stroke of the "p"; that vertical stroke of the "p" also begins with a pronounced hook that originates within the shaft of the long "s." (In other words, there are two features forming ligature between the letters.)

The juncture of long "s" and cruciform "p," i.e. the form of "p" most commonly used when followed by a vowel with left bow. Distinguished from the forms of the separate letters long "s" and cruciform "p" by the fact that the vertical stroke of the "s" ends in a pronounced hook upward to the right, which meets the shaft of the left vertical stroke of the "p"; that vertical stroke of the "p" also begins with a pronounced hook that originates within the shaft of the long "s." (In other words, there are two features forming ligature between the letters.)

The juncture of long "s" and "t." The right stroke of the "s," which forms its curved right overhang, is here extended downward to form also the vertical stroke of a form like the scribe's "t" and terminate (sometimes with a rightward hook) at the minim baseline; the horizontal stroke of the letter "t" originates within the shaft of the first long vertical stroke and extends past the right edge of the second long vertical. This form is subject to confusion with the scribe's usual minuscule letter "a."

The juncture of "v" and "e": as in some other junctures, involving "e" and consonants with rightward-convex bows, the "e" portion is formed by appending a shortened version of the usual left stroke of independent "e" to the right stroke of independent "v," and adding a short version of the right stroke and the upward-angled cross-stroke, also commencing within the right stroke of "v."