INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1700-1789
GREAT NORTHERN WAR, 1700-1721
Swedish control of the Baltic leads to coalition of Russia (Peter the
Great), Denmark, Poland vs. Sweden (Charles XII) 1700
Sweden defeats Danes 1700, Russians in Estonia at Narva
Sweden defeats Poles, Stanislas Leszczynski displaces Augustus II
(Saxony) until 1709 when Russians restore Augustus
1704-1706 Poles vs. Russians now, Peter of Russia takes over
Estonia, Livonia by 1710
1708 Swedes invade Ukraine -catastrophic loss at Poltava, 1709,
capture of Charles XII
1710-Turks, with Swedish pressure, declare war against Russia
1711-Peter defeated by Turks at Prut River on Moldavian front-
Russians give up Charles XII, Azov on Black Sea
1714 - Turks attack Venice, take Morea in Greece, Aus. attacks Turks
1716-Aus. conquers Belgrade 1717 at Passarowitz Treaty 1718-gets
rest of Hungary, N. Serbia, sections of Wallachia and Bosnia all lost
in war vs. Turks in 1736-39
1716-Prussia, Electorate of Hanover(British King) join against
Swedes -Danes and British attacking Sweden-
Russia occupies Mecklenburg to 1717, when British and Danish
hostility force withdrawal - British now against Russia
1718-Charles XII dies in battle in Norway (fighting Danish forces)
1719-Prussia gets w. Pomerania from Sweden
1721-Treaty of Nystad - Russia paid sum for Estonia and Livonia,
got part of Carelia in Finland, restored rest of Finland to Sweden
1721-Treaty of Stockholm- Prussia took Stettin from Sweden and
Pomeranian territory - Denmark restored some territory, took
Schleswig from Holstein - Hanover took Swedish Bremen (Danes
had conquered
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1715-1740
Ambitions of Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain for her sons (Carlos
and Philip) in her native northern Italy - Parma, Piacenza, Tuscany
1717-Britain, France, Holland ally vs. Spanish ambitions, Aus. joins
Spain vs. Austria - overrun Aus. garrison in Sardinia
1718-Spain conquers Sicily - Br. fleet cuts off Sp., transports Aus.
there to help Savoy-Piedmont forces
1719-France joins war against Spain
1720-Peace of the Hague - Aus. exchanges Sardinia for Sicily with
Piedmont-Savoy - Spain evacuates Sicily, Sardinia - Philip V of
Spain renounces French throne, recognized by Aus.-Don Carlos one
day will get as Imperial fiefs Parma, Piacenza, Tuscany
1724-French break off marriage negotiations with Spain
1724-Congress of Cambrai-no Spanish troops yet in Tuscany and
Parma
1724-Little Diplomatic Revolution - Spain allies with Aus. to 1729
Britain, France, Holland counter-alliance League of Hanover
1727-England vs. Spain over Gibraltar to 1729 Seville Treaty-
asiento to Britain, no Aus. Ostend Co. - Sp. troops in Tuscany and
Parma - but 1730-Aus. in Parma-evacuated for Sp. recognition of
unity of Habsburg domains (Pragmatic Sanction)
WAR OF POLISH SUCCESSION 1733-1738
Augustus II dies-France wants Stanislas in Poland and Habsburgs
out of Lorraine-
Russia, Aus., Prussia, Saxony, Hanover back Augustus III of Saxony
(Wettin)
1733-Spain joins France for northern Italy ambitions
Savoy and Sweden help capture Lorraine for France
Russian corps joins Austrians
1734-Aus. losses in Italy - Lombardy -Spanish army and fleet conquer
Naples and Sicily - Francis of Lorraine gets Tuscany
New eastern war also - Russians in Poland upset Turks, Aus. and
Russia vs. Turkey--Russians take Azov - Turks roll back Aus. and
Russians -
1739 Peace of Belgrade-Aus. loses Belgrade, n. Serbia- Russians keep
Azov unfortified, Russians advance to Jassy River-
1738-Treaty of Vienna for War of Polish Succession - Aus. gets Parma
and Piacenza to 1748, Francis of Lorraine(Habsburg) gets Tuscany ,
Habsburgs get Milan, Stanislas (pretender in Poland) gets Lorraine
Don Carlos gets Naples and Sicily - Bourbons in southern Italy,
Savoy gets towns in n. Italy from Aus.
WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION 1740-1748
Britain, Aus., Savoy, Sweden, United Provinces (Dutch) vs. Prussia,
France, Spain
Preliminary War of Jenkins's Ear - Britain against Spain on colonial
issues-Central and South American trading rights for Britain -
Florida - France to help Spain?
1740-Death of Charles VI (HRE) - Maria Theresa cannot succeed-
and death in Russia of Anna - Intrigue for Charles Albert of Bavaria
(Wittelsbach) to succeed as HRE by France, Spain, Saxony
Frederick II of Prussia claims Silesia for Hohenzollerns-weakens
Saxony - defeats Aus. 1741
France sends two armies allying with Frederick
1741-Spain joins vs. Aus. for duchies of north, Sardinia wants Milan
- British threaten Sp. to stop attacking Aus. - Sp. invade Savoy
which is now helping Aus. for part of Milanese (Piacenza and Milan
west of Ticino River) - Savoy signs Worms Treaty 1743 with Aus.
Neutrality of Hanover
French and Prussians into Bohemia but 1742-Frederick makes peace-
French and Bavarians driven out of Bohemia, Aus. captures Munich
1742-Charles Albert HRE
Aus. Neth. campaign of Br., Dutch, Aus. vs. France
Prussia re-starts war in wake of Aus. offensive, 1744, again makes
separate peace 1745 when deserted by French
1745-Francis of Lorraine elected HRE after death of Charles Albert
of Bavaria - Bavaria out of war
1745-Jacobite uprising in Scotland to 1746-French transport
1745-8 fighting in Italy, Aus. Neth. (Fontenoy French - de Saxe-
defeat Br.-Aus.-Dutch forces)- Dutch Orangist revolution in 1747
against possible French invasion
1746-Br. lost Madras, French traded it for Louisbourg - Britain to build Halifax
1748-Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle - Prussia keeps Silesia, Aus.
unhappy, Don Philip gets Parma, Aus. keeps Tuscany - Pragmatic
Sanction assured for Maria Theresa of Habsburgs
DIPLOMATIC REVOLUTION 1756
Wenzel von Kaunitz-Rietzberg backs French designs on Poland,
promises governorship of Aus. Neth. to Don Philip of Spain (son-in-
law of Louis XV), bases for France in Ostend, Nieuport
Aus. will not defend Hanover by Aus. Neth.-
Sept. 1755-Anglo-Russian Convention - for subsidy, Russia will
attack "common enemy" if assault on Hanover - Russia to keep
55,000 in Baltic provinces - English colonial goods to Russia for naval
stores to England
Jan. 1756-Convention of Westminster-Frederick of Prussia and
Britain - Prussia guarantees neutrality in future Anglo-French war-
no foreign troops in Hanover or Holland, excludes Aus. Neth.
France driven into Aus. arms
1 May 1756-1st Treaty of Versailles -France and Aus. to supply other
if attacked with 24,000 troops or cash equivalent-mutual assistance if
attacked by power other than Britain - neutralized Aus. Neth., Dutch
proclaimed neutrality
Aug. 1756-Prussian invasion of Saxony
1 May 1757 -2nd Treaty of Versailles-France to field 105,000 in
German states +10,000 Ger. mercenaries-annual subsidy to Aus. of
12 mil, florins - to receive four cities of Aus. Neth., governorship for
Don Philip conditional on reconquest of Silesia
SEVEN YEARS' WAR 1756-1763
Britain, Prussia against France, Austria and HRE, Russia
Colonial war began in America, 1755 - British subsidize Prussia
+Anglo-Hanoverian army
French capture Minorca in Med.-Adm. Byng late
1757-Convention of Closter-Zeven- surrender of Anglo-
Hanoverians to French-promise not to fight again, repudiated by
Pitt 1758
Prussia defeated Saxons, invaded Bohemia with Saxon help - siege
of Prague failed - loss at Kolin, temporary loss of Berlin
1757 -Rossbach - Prussian defeat of French and Imperial army,
defeated Austrians at Leuthen
1758-Anglo-Germans in Westphalia tie down French
1759-naval defeats for French at Lagos and Quiberon Bay
Frederick desperate after Dresden defeat by Aus.-Russians
3rd Treaty of Versailles-French cut subsidies by half, only 100,000
soldiers-no provisions on Silesia or Don Philip - separate peace
allowed
1761-Spain joins France - Br. capture of Havana and Manila,
repulse Sp. attack on Portugal
1762-Miracle of House of Hohenzollern- death of Elizabeth and
accession of Peter III - recall of Russian army
British end subsidies to Prussia, vs. Russian designs on Denmark
1763-Peace of Hubertusburg - Saxony restored, Silesia kept by
Frederick - Frederick in 1764 allied with Russia
1763-Peace of Paris - French loss of Canada and all territory east of
Mississippi - cede Grenada, Saint Vincent, Tobago in West Indies-
lose some India stations except Pondicherry, lose GorŽe and Saint-
Louis in Senegal
Spain cedes Florida to recover Havana and Manila-takes Louisiana
west of Mississippi from France
Britain gets Bay of Honduras logging
France keeps Newfoundland fishery, keeps Martinique and
Guadeloupe, restores Minorca to Britain
1770-Franco-Aus. alliance sealed by marriage of Louis(XVI) and
Marie-Antoinette
COLONIAL WAR OF 1756-1763
1754-already Actions of British vs. French in Ohio valley
1755-Br. deportations of Acadians after seizure of Fort BeausŽjour
1756-French capture Oswego, New York, then Fort William Henry
north of Albany, New York
1758-French lose Forts Duquesne (Pittsburgh) and Frontenac
(Kingston), and Louisbourg (to Amherst, Boscawen)
1759-1st Battle of Quebec-Wolfe and Montcalm
British capture Guadeloupe, Goree and Fort Saint-Louis in
Senegal, then Martinique 1762
INDIA -Calcutta captured by Bengal ruler, retaken by Robert Clive-
Bengal ruler French ally defeated at Plassey, 1757-French fail to take
Madras, 1759, lose Pondicherry 1761-British de facto take over
Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa
1770-France plans to challenge Britain, defend Spain over
Falklands-Choiseul falls, though
WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 1775-1783
1778 -French alliance with U.S. after victories of U.S.
1779-Spain joins against Britain for Gibraltar, Minorca, Florida,
abandonment of British Honduras, wants Newfoundland fishing
rights
1780-League of Armed Neutrality against British search -Dutch and
Russians join-France-Denmark and Norway, Aus., Prussia, Portugal
eventually
1780-Rochambeau expeditionary force and French fleet help turn
tide at Yorktown, Virginia 1781 surrender of British under
Cornwallis
1779-82-Gibraltar survives Spanish siege
1782-Adm. Rodney victory near Guadeloupe saves Jamaica
Br. East India Co. consolidates in Deccan
1783-Treaty of Versailles - British lose 13 colonies, Tobago and
Minorca to Spain, cede east Florida to Spain, Senegal back to
France, French guaranteed Newfoundland fishing, retention of
Saint-Pierre, Miquelon
POLAND AND EASTERN QUESTION
1764-Catherine's ex-lover Stanislas Poniatowski succeeds Augustus
III of Saxony-Poles resented Russian domination, Russians wanted
guarantees for Orthodox, Prussians for Protestants
1768-Confederation of Bar of Polish nobles vs. Russia, civil war
1768-Turkish discontent with Russian incursion into territory,
Crimea, Caucasus-declare war on Russia - Prussia subsidizes
Russians, France sides with Turks without war
1769-71- Russia takes Moldavia, Wallachia in Balkans, Crimea-
foments revolt of Greeks in Morea
Turkish fleet defeated at Chesme off Turkish coast
Aus. moves into Polish county of Zips formerly in Hungary,
annexes it 1771
1771-Russia and Prussia plot first partition of Poland-Aus. agrees,
gets largest share 1772
Aus., Prussia worried on Russian defenses
1774-Peace of Kutschuk Kainardzhi -(village on Danube near
Silistria, Bulgaria) - Turks restored in Moldavia and Wallachia on
condition of Russian influence in choice of governor
Turks lose n. Black Sea coast-Azov, Kerch, etc.-free navigation on
Black Sea-protection of Christians in Constantinople
Crimea ind. state under Turkish Sultan - in 1783 annexed by Russia
RUSSO-TURKISH WAR 1787-1791
Russia invaded Georgia and Armenia (ruled by
and Persians in part)-Russians captured Turkish fort in Dnieper
Ochakov
1788-Aus. joined against Turks--Sweden attacked Russia 1788,
Finnish officers' mutiny halted invasion-then Denmark declared war
against Sweden
Turks devastated Banat-captured towns in Croatia and Slavonia-
1789-Prussia planning to ally with Turkey and Poland, invade Aus.
Aus.-Russians defeated Turks in Moldavia-
1789-Turks lost Belgrade and Bucharest-
1790-Russo-Swedish Treat at Verela-no change in situation
1790-Aus. returned Belgrade for strip of N. Bosnia at Reichenbach
Treaty
1791-Russia left on own made treaty of Jassy extending frontier to
Dniester, guaranteeing Crimean annex.-returned Moldavia and
Bessarabia, abandoned Greek revolt or designs on Constantinople
Polish constitution led to Russian-inspired Confederation of nobles
Aus. excluded from 1793 partition of Poland by Prussia and Russia
1794-Kosciuszko revolt in Poland led to Russian and Prussian
invasion-slaughter or civilians by Russians in Praga suburb of
Warsaw-20,000 deaths in autumn
1795-3rd Partition of Poland by Russia, Austria, Prussia
WAR OF BAVARIAN SUCCESSION 1778-1779
Bavarian Elector to get Aus. support would surrender one-third
Bavaria for Aus. Neth.-
Aus. marched into Bavaria after agreement made, then Heir to
Electorate protested-Prussia and Saxony opposed Aus. designs-
Frederick II invaded Bohemia-plundered potatoes
Aus. got no help from France
1779 Peace of Teschen-Aus. got small strip of Bavaria along Inn
River(Innviertel)
Karl Theodor of Wittelsbach Palatines-took Bavaria-Prussia did not
get part of Saxony in trade for Ansbach-Bayreuth succession
guarantee to Aus. candidate-Russia and France guarantors of peace
1780-Prussian-Russian alliance scrapped for 1781 Aus.-Russian
alliance-Aus. helped Turks accept ind. of Crimea
1784-5 Failure of Joseph II of Aus. to trade Aus. Neth. for Bavaria-
Prussia and HRE opposed
M. S. Staum - History 329 - University of Calgary